Practical Veterinary Urinalysis

Practical Veterinary Urinalysis is a comprehensive, clinically relevant resource for the veterinary laboratory. This bench-top guide covers sample handling guidelines, interpretation of dry chemical analysis, and recommendations for physical and microscopic evaluation. Emphasizing diagnostic techniques and result interpretation, Practical Veterinary Urinalysis is an ideal aid for anyone who performs and interprets urinalysis testing. Beginning with an overview of renal physiology and urine production, the main focus of the book is examination and analysis of urine samples, including physical properties, chemical analysis, and sediment examination. Additional chapters review diagnostic tests and considerations for proteinuria, advanced diagnostics, quality assurance and laboratory set-up. Practical Veterinary Urinalysis is an invaluable tool for achieving accurate and reliable laboratory results and is a useful addition to any veterinary library. Practical Veterinary Urinalysis 5 Contents 9 Preface and Acknowledgments 11 Chapter 1: Functional Renal Physiology and Urine Production 13 Glomerular filtration 13 Tubular reabsorption and secretion 15 Collecting tubules 17 Renal function and measures of renal function 17 Laboratory assessment of renal function 18 Chapter 2: Specimen Procurement 21 Laboratory definitions for collection methods 21 Urine specimen containers 24 Specimen handling and preservation 27 Types of urine specimens 28 Chapter 3: Routine Urinalysis: Physical Properties 31 Solute concentration 31 Urine color 37 Chapter 4: Routine Urinalysis: Chemical Analysis 41 pH 41 Protein 44 Glucose 50 Ketone 52 Blood 54 Bilirubin 57 Urobilinogen 60 Nitrite 61 Leukocyte esterase 62 Specific gravity 63 Chapter 5: Routine Urinalysis: Microscopic Elements 67 Urine sediment preparation 67 Examination of urine sediment 69 Microscopic elements of urine sediment 71 Chapter 6: Proteinuria 125 Protein handling by the kidney 125 Significance of proteinuria 128 Laboratory diagnosis of proteinuria 129 Recommendations regarding diagnosis of proteinuria 138 Additional considerations for proteinuria 138 Chapter 7: Advanced Diagnostics 145 Detection of bacteriuria versus diagnosis of urinary tract infection 145 Urinary tract cytology 148 Fractional excretion 159 Urinary biomarkers 161 Chapter 8: Laboratory Quality Assurance 167 Physical requirements of the laboratory 167 Laboratory equipment 169 Reagents and supplies for the urinalysis laboratory 172 Laboratory waste 172 Quality control in the urinalysis laboratory 173 Procedure manuals 175 Index 177 Practical Veterinary Urinalysis......Page 5 Contents......Page 9 Preface and Acknowledgments......Page 11 Glomerular filtration......Page 13 Tubular reabsorption and secretion......Page 15 Renal function and measures of renal function......Page 17 Laboratory assessment of renal function......Page 18 Laboratory definitions for collection methods......Page 21 Urine specimen containers......Page 24 Specimen handling and preservation......Page 27 Types of urine specimens......Page 28 Solute concentration......Page 31 Urine color......Page 37 pH......Page 41 Protein......Page 44 Glucose......Page 50 Ketone......Page 52 Blood......Page 54 Bilirubin......Page 57 Urobilinogen......Page 60 Nitrite......Page 61 Leukocyte esterase......Page 62 Specific gravity......Page 63 Urine sediment preparation......Page 67 Examination of urine sediment......Page 69 Microscopic elements of urine sediment......Page 71 Protein handling by the kidney......Page 125 Significance of proteinuria......Page 128 Laboratory diagnosis of proteinuria......Page 129 Additional considerations for proteinuria......Page 138 Detection of bacteriuria versus diagnosis of urinary tract infection......Page 145 Urinary tract cytology......Page 148 Fractional excretion......Page 159 Urinary biomarkers......Page 161 Physical requirements of the laboratory......Page 167 Laboratory equipment......Page 169 Laboratory waste......Page 172 Quality control in the urinalysis laboratory......Page 173 Procedure manuals......Page 175 Index......Page 177