New Technologies for Energy Efficiency

This book examines the full scope of technologies available to address the electricity supply crisis. The author details the tools and technologies available for incorporating smaller, cleaner, more efficient energy into energy management plans. He examines the role of new technologies in reducing operating costs and developing more innovative and practical approaches to energy management. Topics include implementation of alternative energy programs, management of power quality, cost-effective power generation solutions, cost-effective energy services, information monitoring and diagnostic systems, energy storage options, integration of lighting and cooling systems, and more. New Technologies For Energy Efficiency......Page 1 Dedication......Page 3 Preface......Page 5 Contents......Page 4 Energy Usage Trends......Page 8 Contents......Page 0 The Power Future......Page 14 Renewable Energy Sources......Page 15 Hydroelectric Power......Page 16 Solar Power......Page 17 Units Of Energy And Power......Page 18 Conversion And Efficiency......Page 20 Generator Synchronizing......Page 21 Wind Power......Page 23 Geothermal Power......Page 24 Biomass......Page 25 Wastes......Page 26 Natural Gas Demand......Page 29 Limiting The Supply......Page 30 Powerplant Problems......Page 32 Fuel Cells......Page 33 Energy Pricing......Page 37 Rate Structures......Page 38 Energy Management Programs......Page 41 Energy Audits......Page 43 Heat Pumps......Page 46 Heat Sources For Heat Pumps......Page 47 Solar Collection......Page 49 Solar Heat Storage......Page 51 Direct-gain Systems......Page 52 Thrombe Walls......Page 54 Air-heating Collectors......Page 56 Attached Solar Greenhouses......Page 57 Passive Solar Payback......Page 58 Natural Cooling......Page 59 Collectors......Page 60 Active Hot Water Systems......Page 61 Passive Hot Water Systems......Page 63 Solar Cooling......Page 64 Heat Initiated Refrigeration......Page 65 Wind Power......Page 66 Purpa......Page 69 Solar Thermal Generation......Page 71 Parabolic Trough Concentrator Systems......Page 73 Parabolic Collectors......Page 74 Solar Sites......Page 75 Solar Ponds......Page 76 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion......Page 77 Photovoltaic Systems......Page 78 Semiconductors And Doping......Page 79 Cell Production......Page 83 Other Pv Materials......Page 84 Amorphous Cells......Page 85 Concentrating Pv Systems......Page 87 Deregulation Issues......Page 89 Integrated Systems......Page 91 Distributed Energy Control......Page 92 Air Monitoring......Page 93 Network Communications......Page 95 Ems Evolution......Page 96 Distributed Control......Page 98 Control Trends......Page 100 Integrating Control And Power Management......Page 102 Life Cycle Analysis......Page 103 Green Lights Program......Page 106 Power Management......Page 107 Load Shedding......Page 108 Demand Side Limiting......Page 110 Dsm Trends......Page 113 Intelligent Buildings......Page 114 High-efficiency Oil And Gas Systems......Page 115 Cogeneration......Page 117 Regulatory Aspects......Page 120 District Heating......Page 121 Seasonal Energy Storage......Page 122 Turbine Retrofits......Page 132 Alternating Voltage And Current......Page 135 Power Factor......Page 136 Capacitors And Power Factor......Page 137 Power Quality......Page 139 Harmonics......Page 140 Crest Factor......Page 141 Variable Frequency Drives......Page 142 Power Surveys......Page 146 Motor Loads......Page 147 K-factor Transformers......Page 148 K Factor Calculation......Page 150 The H Factor......Page 154 Oversizing Transformers......Page 156 Power System Measurements......Page 157 Power Factor And Harmonics Studies......Page 163 Transformer Inrush Current......Page 167 Load Interactions......Page 168 Power Problems......Page 170 Power Protection Devices......Page 171 Ups Systems......Page 172 Chemical Batteries......Page 175 Kinetic Energy Storage......Page 177 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage......Page 179 Power Quality Performance Evaluation......Page 180 Power Monitoring And Control......Page 181 Power Quality Evaluation......Page 185 Fuel Cell Technology......Page 187 Fuel Cell Characteristics......Page 189 Fuel Cells For Electric Power Production......Page 191 Fuel Cell Evolution......Page 200 Fuel Processors......Page 202 Hydrogen Fuel......Page 204 Transport Applications......Page 205 Proton-exchange Membrane Fuel Cells......Page 206 Fuel Cells And Thermodynamics......Page 208 Thermodynamic Laws......Page 209 Efficiency......Page 210 Power And Refrigeration Cycles......Page 211 Gas Analysis......Page 212 Forms Of Energy......Page 213 Helmholtz Energy......Page 215 Entropy......Page 217 Reversible And Irreversible Processes......Page 218 Energy Transformation......Page 219 Solar Energy Conversion......Page 221 Gas Turbine Energy......Page 222 Electrochemical Fuel Cell Energy......Page 224 Fuel Cells And Heat Engines......Page 227 Fuels......Page 230 References......Page 231 Modular Power Generation......Page 232 Topping And Bottoming Systems......Page 235 Peak Reduction......Page 236 Excess Power......Page 237 Converters......Page 239 Turbines......Page 240 Turbine Evolution......Page 245 Control......Page 246 Compressor Surge......Page 252 Auxiliary Equipment......Page 253 Energy Efficient Cogeneration Systems......Page 259 Steam Turbines......Page 260 Biofuels......Page 262 Gasification......Page 265 Combined Cycle Technology......Page 267 Waste Heat Gas Turbines......Page 272 Efficient Lighting......Page 279 Load Management......Page 280 Hvac Effects......Page 282 Lighting Management And Audits......Page 283 Source Efficacy......Page 287 Lighting Quantity......Page 289 Lighting Quality......Page 290 Visual Comfort Probability......Page 291 Color Index And Temperature......Page 292 Incandescent Lamps......Page 295 Metal Halide Lamps......Page 301 Sulfur Lamps And Light Pipes......Page 307 Sulphur Lamp Application......Page 308 Ballasts......Page 310 Luminaires......Page 312 Exit Signs......Page 315 Lighting Controls......Page 317 Workspace Controls......Page 318 Computer Dimming Controls......Page 319 Eela......Page 321 Recent Led Lighting Advances......Page 322 References......Page 327 Energy Control Trends......Page 329 Building Management......Page 331 Energy Services And Bundling......Page 333 Technology Diffusion......Page 335 Electrical Metering Equipment......Page 339 Submetering Loads......Page 341 Unbundled Utilities......Page 342 Oasis......Page 343 New Technologies/Distributed Generation......Page 344 Outsourcing......Page 346 Energy Island/energy Center......Page 347 Power Monitoring Software......Page 348 Building Management Systems......Page 350 Communication Protocols......Page 351 OSI Model......Page 352 Collapsed Models......Page 355 Predictive Maintenance......Page 356 Proactive Maintenance......Page 357 Improving Safety......Page 360 Building Health......Page 361 Changing Business Needs......Page 362 Web Technologies......Page 363 Building Automation and the Internet......Page 364 Object Technology......Page 365 Web Enabling......Page 366 Wireless Technology......Page 367 Infrared Control......Page 369 Rf Modems......Page 370 Cellular Security......Page 371 Wireless Lans......Page 372 Pocket Communications......Page 373 Bas Integration And Standardization......Page 374 References......Page 375

• Permitting requirements
• Design calculations with examples
• Construction bid documents
• Numerous applications from job sites

Comprehensive coverage of horizontal directional drilling (HDD) technologies and applications

An essential resource for anyone working in the trenchless industry, this authoritative guide provides complete technical information on the design, permitting, construction bid documents, specifications, and construction of HDD applications. Horizontal Directional Drilling features many examples and HDD calculations as well as detailed illustrations. Coverage of the HDD Model Footage Contract — guidelines for HDD projects, example specifications, and information on risk reduction—is also included.

Details on HDD implementations including:

• Steel pipelines
• Fiber optic and electrical conduits
• Municipal applications for natural gas, water, and wastewater pipelines

THE COVERAGE REQUIRED FOR SUCCESSFUL HDD IMPLEMENTATION:

Installation Applications and Techniques
• HDD Technology and Equipment
• HDD Design
• HDD Pipe Stress Analysis for Steel Pipe
• HDD Pipe Stress Analysis for Plastic Pipe
• HDD Installation Considerations
• HDD Site Selection
• HDD Installation
• HDD Construction Monitoring
• HDD Contracts

David Willoughby (Baltimore, MD) is a Projects Manager for Rummel, Klepper & Kahl, a consulting engineering firm headquartered in Baltimore, MD. He has 20 years of experience in engineering, technical writing, and management in the natural gas, petroleum and pipeline industry. Mr. Willoughby is registered by the Council of Engineering Specialty Boards as a Petroleum Operations Engineer. Mr. Willoughby serves as the Project Manager for several major pipeline projects that include many HDD applications and has performed HDD consulting and designs on numerous water body and road crossings.

He has a B.S. degree in Petroleum Engineering and has affiliations with the American Society of Petroleum Operations Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Petroleum Equipment Institute, Directional Crossing Contractors Association, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, and the Society of Petroleum Engineers.

The needs of the new economy have had the effect of stressing the existing energy infrastructure to the point of crisis. The current regulatory system tends to encourage the building of large power plants with long lead times. This important book examines the full scope of new technologies available to address this crisis of electricity supply now by reducing dependency on the power grid. The author details the tools and technologies available for incorporating smaller, clean, more efficient energy-generating technologies such as small-scale cogeneration, fuel cells, and natural gas distributed generation into your energy management plan. He thoroughly examines the role of new technologies in reducing operating costs and developing more innovative and practical approaches to energy management, including implementing alternative energy programs, monitoring rates and policy, managing power quality, exploring cost-effective power generation solutions, utilizing cost-effective energy services, benefitting from information monitoring and diagnostic systems, assessing energy storage options, integrating lighting and cooling systems, and more. Here's a complete guide to understanding the role of computer technology in reducing operating costs and developing more innovative and practical approaches to energy management. Covered in full detail are: rate structures and energy policy; developing alternative energy programmes; integration of cooling, heating and power systems; realtime energy monitoring; the role of web-based technologies; cost-effective power generation solutions; lighting distribution systems; lighting and cooling integration; diagnostic building systems; and air monitoring systems Machine Generated Contents Note: Chapter 1 Energy Demand, Sources And Rate Trends 1 --chapter 2 Energy Sources-heat Pumps, Energy And Wind Power 39 --chapter 3 Integration Of Cooling, Heating And Solar Power Systems 83 --chapter 4 Power Quality, Loads And Harmonics 129 --chapter 5 Fuel Cell Technology 181 --chapter 6 Modular Power Generation-turbines, Gasification, Combined 227 --chapter 7 Lighting Upgrades 275 --chapter 8 Computer Technology 325 --index 372. By Michael F. Hordeski. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. "An essential resource for anyone working in the trenchless industry, this authoritative guide provides complete technical information on the design, permitting, construction bid documents, specifications, and construction of HDD applications. Horizontal Directional Drilling features many examples and HDD calculations as well as detailed illustrations. Coverage of the HDD Model Footage Contract - guidelines for HDD projects, example specifications, and information on risk reduction - is also found here."--Jacket This is a complete sourcebook of information on Horizontal Directional Drilling, the installation of pipelines and utilities beneath obstacles such as water and roadways. HDD is a fast-growing technology in the trenchless industry. Provides technical information on the design, permitting, construction, bid documents, specifications, and construction of HDD applications Numerous HDD calculations with examples Professional engineer Hordeski examines the role of new technologies in developing more innovative and cost-effective approaches to energy management. He explores energy usage trends and applications of energy audits; energy sources including heat pumps, solar energy and wind power; the integration