Modern Power Systems Analysis

2003. , third edition, 694 pages. A lot of worked-out examples, including MATLAB codes. Note: Book obtained as a kind gift of Raj (user (/user/1992623/) Raj ). Preface to the Third Edition Since the appearance of the second edition in 1989, the overall energy situation has changed considerably and this has generated great interest in non-conventional and renewable energy sources, energy conservation and management, power reforms and restructuring and distributed and dispersed generation. Chapter 1 has been therefore, enlarged and completely rewritten. In addition, the influences of environmental constraints are also discussed. The present edition, like the earlier two, is designed for a two-semester course at the undergraduate level or for first-semester post-graduate study. Modern power systems have grown larger and spread over larger geographical area with many interconnections between neighbouring systems. Optimal planning, operation and control of such large-scale systems require advanced computer-based techniques many of which are explained in the student-oriented and reader-friendly manner by means of numerical examples throughout this book. Electric utility engineers will also be benefitted by the book as it will prepare them more adequately to face the new challenges. The style of writing is amenable to self-study. The wide range of topics facilitates versatile selection of chapters and sections for completion in the semester time frame. Highlights of this edition are the five new chapters. Chapter 13 deals with power system security. Contingency analysis and sensitivity factors are described. An analytical framework is developed to control bulk power systems in such a way that security is enhanced. Everything seems to have a propensity to fail. Power systems are no exception. Power system security practices try to control and operate power systems in a defensive posture so that the effects of these inevitable failures are minimized. Chapter 14 is an introduction to the use of state estimation in electric power systems. We have selected Least Squares Estimation to give basic solution. External system equivalencing and treatment of bad data are also discussed. The economics of power transmission has always lured the planners to transmit as much power as possible through existing transmission lines. Difficulty of acquiring the right of way for new lines (the corridor crisis) has always motivated the power engineers to develop compensatory systems. Therefore, Chapter 15 addresses compensation in power systems. Both series and shunt compensation of lines have been thoroughly discussed. Concepts of SVS, STATCOM and FACTS have-been briefly introduced. Chapter 16 covers the important topic of load forecasting technique. Knowing load is absolutely essential for solving any power system problem. Chapter 17 deals with the important problem of voltage stability. Mathematical formulation, analysis, state-of-art, future trends and challenges are discussed. MATLAB and SIMULINK, ideal programs for power system analysis are included in this book as an appendix along with 18 solved examples illustrating their use in solving representative power system problems. The help rendered by Shri Sunil Bhat of VNIT, Nagpur in writing this appendix is thankfully acknowledged. Tata McGraw-Hill and the authors would like to thank the following reviewers of this edition: Prof. J.D. Sharma, ИТ Roorkee; Prof. S.N. Tiwari, MNNIT Allahabad; Dr. M.R. Mohan, Anna University, Chennai; Prof. M.K. Deshmukh, BITS, Pilani; Dr. H.R. Seedhar, PEC, Chandigarh; Prof. P.R. Bijwe and Dr. Sanjay Roy, ИТ Delhi. While revising the text, we have had the benefit of valuable advice and suggestions from many professors, students and practising engineers who used the earlier editions of this book. All these individuals have influenced this edition. We express our thanks and appreciation to them. We hope this support/ response would continue in the future also. Contents: Preface to Third Edition Preface to First Edition ntroduction A Perspective Structure of Power Systems Conventional Sources of Electric Energy Renewable Energy Sources Energy Storage Growth of Power Systems in India Energy Conservation Deregulation Distributed and Dispersed Generation Environmental Aspects of Electric Energy Generation Power System Engineers and Power System Studies Use of Computers and Microprocessors Problems Facing Indian Power Industry and its Choices References Inductance and Resistance of Transmission Lines ntroduction Definition of Inductance Flux Linkages of an Isolated Current-Carrying Conductor nductance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire Line Conductor Types Flux Linkages of one Conductor in a Group nductance of Composite Conductor Lines nductance of Three-Phase Lines Double-Circuit Three-Phase Lines Bundled Conductors Resistance Skin Effect and Proximity Effect Problems References Capacitance of Transmission Lines ntroduction Electric Field of a Long Straight Conductor Potential Difference between two Conductors of a Group of Parallel Conductors Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Equilateral Spacing З.6 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Unsymmetrical Spacing Effect of Earth on Transmission Line Capacitance Method of GMD (Modified) Bundled Conductors Problems References Representation of Power System Components ntroduction Single-phase Solution of Balanced Three-phase Networks One-Line Diagram and Impedance or Reactance Diagram Per Unit (PU) System Complex Power Synchronous Machine Representation of Loads Problems References Characteristics and Performance of Power Transmission Lines ntroduction Short Transmission Line Medium Transmission Line The Long Transmission Line – Rigorous Solution nterpretation of the Long Line Equations Ferranti Effect Tuned Power Lines The Equivalent Circuit of a Long Line Power Flow through a Transmission Line Methods of Voltage Control Problems References Load Flow Studies ntroduction Network Model Formulation Formation of YBm by Singular Transformation Load Flow Problem Gauss-Seidel Method Newton-Raphson (NR) Method Decoupled Load Flow Methods Comparison of Load Flow Methods Control of Voltage Profile Problems Optimal System Operation ntroduction Optimal Operation of Generators on a Bus Bar Optimal Unit Commitment (UC) Reliability Considerations Optimum Generation Scheduling Optimal Load Flow Solution Optimal Scheduling of Hydrothermal System Problems References Automatic Generation and Voltage Control ntroduction Load Frequency Control (Single Area Case) Load Frequency Control and Economic Dispatch Control Two-Area Load Frequency Control Optimal (Two-Area) Load Frequency Control Automatic Voltage Control Load Frequency Control with Generation Rate Constraints (GRCs) Speed Governor Dead-Band and Its Effect on AGC Digital LF Controllers Decentralized Control Problems References Symmetrical Fault Analysis ntroduction Transient on a Transmission Line Short Circuit of a Synchronous Machine (On No Load) Short Circuit of a Loaded Synchronous Machine Selection of Circuit Breakers ' Algorithm for Short Circuit Studies ZBUS Formulation Problems References Symmetrical Components ntroduction Symmetrical Component Transformation Phase Shift in Star-Delta Transformers Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines Sequence Impedances and Sequence Network of Power System Sequence Impedances and Networks of Sуnchronous Machine Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines Sequence Impedances and Networks of Transformers Construction of Sequence Networks of a Power System Problems References Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis ntroduction Symmetrical Component Analysis of Unsymmetrical Faults Single Line-To-Ground (LG) Fault Line-To-Line (LL) Fault Double Line-To-Ground (LLG) Fault Open Conductor Faults Bus Impedance Matrix Method For Analysis of Unsymmetrical Shunt Faults Problems References Power System Stability ntroduction Dynamics of a Synchronous Machine Power Angle Equation A Node Elimination Technique Simple Systems Steady State Stability Transient Stability Equal Area Criterion Numerical Solution of Swing Equation Multimachine Stability Some Factors Affeeting Transient Stability Problems References Power System Security ntroduction System State Classification Security Analysis Contingency Analysis Sensitivity Factors Power System Voltage Stability References An Introduction to State Estimation of Power Systems ntroduction Least Squares Estimation: The Basic Solution Static State Estimation of Power Systems Tracking State Estimation of Power Systems Some Computational Considerations External System Equivalencing Treatment of Bad Data Network Observability and Pseudo-Measurements Application of Power System State Estimation Problems References Compensation in Power Systems ntroduction Loading Capability Load Compensation Line Compensation Series Compensation Shunt Compensators Comparison between STATCOM and SVC Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) Principle and Operation of Converters Facts Controllers References Load Forecasting Technique ntroduction Forecasting Methodology Estimation of Average and Trend Terms Estimation of Periodic Components Estimation of ys (k): Time Series Approach Estimation of Stochastic Component: Kalman Filtering Approach Long-Term Load Predictions Using Econometric Models Reactive Load Forecast References Voltage Stability ntroduction Comparison of Angle and Voltage Stability Reactive Power Flow and Voltage Collapse Mathematical Formulation of Voltage Stability Problem oltage Stability Analysis Prevention of Voltage Collapse State-of-the-Art, Future Trends and Challenges References Appendix A: Introduction to Vector and Matrix Algebra Appendix B: Generalized Circuit Constants Appendix C: Triangular Factorization and Optimal Ordering Appendix D: Elements of Power System Jacobian Matrix Appendix E: Kuhn-Tucker Theorem Appendix F: Real-time Computer Control of Power Systems Appendix G: Introduction to MATLAB and SIMULINK Answers to Problems Index 2003. , third edition, 694 pages. A lot of worked-out examples, including MATLAB codes.Note: Book obtained as a kind gift of Raj (user [Raj](/user/1992623/)). Preface to the Third Edition Since the appearance of the second edition in 1989, the overall energy situation has changed considerably and this has generated great interest in non-conventional and renewable energy sources, energy conservation and management, power reforms and restructuring and distributed and dispersed generation. Chapter 1 has been therefore, enlarged and completely rewritten. In addition, the influences of environmental constraints are also discussed. The present edition, like the earlier two, is designed for a two-semester course at the undergraduate level or for first-semester post-graduate study. Modern power systems have grown larger and spread over larger geographical area with many interconnections between neighbouring systems. Optimal planning, operation and control of such large-scale systems require advanced computer-based techniques many of which are explained in the student-oriented and reader-friendly manner by means of numerical examples throughout this book. Electric utility engineers will also be benefitted by the book as it will prepare them more adequately to face the new challenges. The style of writing is amenable to self-study. The wide range of topics facilitates versatile selection of chapters and sections for completion in the semester time frame. Highlights of this edition are the five new chapters. Chapter 13 deals with power system security. Contingency analysis and sensitivity factors are described. An analytical framework is developed to control bulk power systems in such a way that security is enhanced. Everything seems to have a propensity to fail. Power systems are no exception. Power system security practices try to control and operate power systems in a defensive posture so that the effects of these inevitable failures are minimized. Chapter 14 is an introduction to the use of state estimation in electric power systems. We have selected Least Squares Estimation to give basic solution. External system equivalencing and treatment of bad data are also discussed. The economics of power transmission has always lured the planners to transmit as much power as possible through existing transmission lines. Difficulty of acquiring the right of way for new lines (the corridor crisis) has always motivated the power engineers to develop compensatory systems. Therefore, Chapter 15 addresses compensation in power systems. Both series and shunt compensation of lines have been thoroughly discussed. Concepts of SVS, STATCOM and FACTS have-been briefly introduced. Chapter 16 covers the important topic of load forecasting technique. Knowing load is absolutely essential for solving any power system problem. Chapter 17 deals with the important problem of voltage stability. Mathematical formulation, analysis, state-of-art, future trends and challenges are discussed. MATLAB and SIMULINK, ideal programs for power system analysis are included in this book as an appendix along with 18 solved examples illustrating their use in solving representative power system problems. The help rendered by Shri Sunil Bhat of VNIT, Nagpur in writing this appendix is thankfully acknowledged. Tata McGraw-Hill and the authors would like to thank the following reviewers of this edition: Prof. J.D. Sharma, ИТ Roorkee; Prof. S.N. Tiwari, MNNIT Allahabad; Dr. M.R. Mohan, Anna University, Chennai; Prof. M.K. Deshmukh, BITS, Pilani; Dr. H.R. Seedhar, PEC, Chandigarh; Prof. P.R. Bijwe and Dr. Sanjay Roy, ИТ Delhi. While revising the text, we have had the benefit of valuable advice and suggestions from many professors, students and practising engineers who used the earlier editions of this book. All these individuals have influenced this edition. We express our thanks and appreciation to them. We hope this support/ response would continue in the future also. **Contents:**Preface to Third EditionPreface to First Edition **ntroduction**A PerspectiveStructure of Power SystemsConventional Sources of Electric EnergyRenewable Energy SourcesEnergy StorageGrowth of Power Systems in IndiaEnergy ConservationDeregulationDistributed and Dispersed GenerationEnvironmental Aspects of Electric Energy GenerationPower System Engineers and Power System StudiesUse of Computers and MicroprocessorsProblems Facing Indian Power Industry and its ChoicesReferences **Inductance and Resistance of Transmission Lines**ntroductionDefinition of InductanceFlux Linkages of an Isolated Current-Carrying Conductornductance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire LineConductor TypesFlux Linkages of one Conductor in a Groupnductance of Composite Conductor Linesnductance of Three-Phase LinesDouble-Circuit Three-Phase LinesBundled ConductorsResistanceSkin Effect and Proximity EffectProblemsReferences **Capacitance of Transmission Lines**ntroductionElectric Field of a Long Straight ConductorPotential Difference between two Conductors of a Group of Parallel ConductorsCapacitance of a Two-Wire LineCapacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Equilateral SpacingЗ.6 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Unsymmetrical SpacingEffect of Earth on Transmission Line CapacitanceMethod of GMD (Modified)Bundled ConductorsProblemsReferences **Representation of Power System Components**ntroductionSingle-phase Solution of Balanced Three-phase NetworksOne-Line Diagram and Impedance or Reactance DiagramPer Unit (PU) SystemComplex PowerSynchronous MachineRepresentation of LoadsProblemsReferences **Characteristics and Performance of Power Transmission Lines**ntroductionShort Transmission LineMedium Transmission LineThe Long Transmission Line – Rigorous Solutionnterpretation of the Long Line EquationsFerranti EffectTuned Power LinesThe Equivalent Circuit of a Long LinePower Flow through a Transmission LineMethods of Voltage ControlProblemsReferences **Load Flow Studies**ntroductionNetwork Model FormulationFormation of YBm by Singular TransformationLoad Flow ProblemGauss-Seidel MethodNewton-Raphson (NR) MethodDecoupled Load Flow MethodsComparison of Load Flow MethodsControl of Voltage ProfileProblems **Optimal System Operation**ntroductionOptimal Operation of Generators on a Bus BarOptimal Unit Commitment (UC)Reliability ConsiderationsOptimum Generation SchedulingOptimal Load Flow SolutionOptimal Scheduling of Hydrothermal SystemProblemsReferences **Automatic Generation and Voltage Control**ntroductionLoad Frequency Control (Single Area Case)Load Frequency Control and Economic Dispatch ControlTwo-Area Load Frequency ControlOptimal (Two-Area) Load Frequency ControlAutomatic Voltage ControlLoad Frequency Control with Generation Rate Constraints (GRCs)Speed Governor Dead-Band and Its Effect on AGCDigital LF ControllersDecentralized ControlProblemsReferences **Symmetrical Fault Analysis**ntroductionTransient on a Transmission LineShort Circuit of a Synchronous Machine (On No Load)Short Circuit of a Loaded Synchronous MachineSelection of Circuit Breakers' Algorithm for Short Circuit StudiesZBUS FormulationProblemsReferences **Symmetrical Components**ntroductionSymmetrical Component TransformationPhase Shift in Star-Delta TransformersSequence Impedances of Transmission LinesSequence Impedances and Sequence Network of Power SystemSequence Impedances and Networks of Sуnchronous MachineSequence Impedances of Transmission LinesSequence Impedances and Networks of TransformersConstruction of Sequence Networks of a Power SystemProblemsReferences **Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis**ntroductionSymmetrical Component Analysis of Unsymmetrical FaultsSingle Line-To-Ground (LG) FaultLine-To-Line (LL) FaultDouble Line-To-Ground (LLG) FaultOpen Conductor FaultsBus Impedance Matrix Method For Analysis of Unsymmetrical Shunt FaultsProblemsReferences **Power System Stability**ntroductionDynamics of a Synchronous MachinePower Angle EquationA Node Elimination TechniqueSimple SystemsSteady State StabilityTransient StabilityEqual Area CriterionNumerical Solution of Swing EquationMultimachine StabilitySome Factors Affeeting Transient StabilityProblemsReferences **Power System Security**ntroductionSystem State ClassificationSecurity AnalysisContingency AnalysisSensitivity FactorsPower System Voltage StabilityReferences **An Introduction to State Estimation of Power Systems**ntroductionLeast Squares Estimation: The Basic SolutionStatic State Estimation of Power SystemsTracking State Estimation of Power SystemsSome Computational ConsiderationsExternal System EquivalencingTreatment of Bad DataNetwork Observability and Pseudo-MeasurementsApplication of Power System State EstimationProblemsReferences **Compensation in Power Systems**ntroductionLoading CapabilityLoad CompensationLine CompensationSeries CompensationShunt CompensatorsComparison between STATCOM and SVCFlexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)Principle and Operation of ConvertersFacts ControllersReferences **Load Forecasting Technique**ntroductionForecasting MethodologyEstimation of Average and Trend TermsEstimation of Periodic ComponentsEstimation of ys (k): Time Series ApproachEstimation of Stochastic Component: Kalman Filtering ApproachLong-Term Load Predictions Using Econometric ModelsReactive Load ForecastReferences **Voltage Stability**ntroductionComparison of Angle and Voltage StabilityReactive Power Flow and Voltage CollapseMathematical Formulation of Voltage Stability Problemoltage Stability AnalysisPrevention of Voltage CollapseState-of-the-Art, Future Trends and ChallengesReferences Appendix A: Introduction to Vector and Matrix AlgebraAppendix B: Generalized Circuit ConstantsAppendix C: Triangular Factorization and Optimal Ordering Appendix D: Elements of Power System Jacobian MatrixAppendix E: Kuhn-Tucker TheoremAppendix F: Real-time Computer Control of Power SystemsAppendix G: Introduction to MATLAB and SIMULINKAnswers to ProblemsIndex