Microwave engineering using microstrip circuits

This book presents a grounding in microstrip circuits and seeks to develop reader's knowledge from basic transmission theory to microwave sub-systems. Simple proofs are provided while maintaining an emphasis on the physical point of view. Worked examples, data and design curves, end-of-chapter problems and selected references are included throughout. Front Matter Cover Dedication Tilte page Copyright Contents PREFACE SYMBOLS 1 TRANSMISSION LINETHEORY 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PARAMETERS 1.2.1 Lossless transmission lines 1.2.2 Low-loss transmission lines 1.2.3 Velocities and wavelengths 1.3 TRANSMISSION LINES WITH A LOAD TERMINATION 1.3.1 Reflection coefficients 1.3.2 The voltage standing wave ratio 1.3.3 Related parameters 1.3.4 The transmission coefficient 1.4 THE INPUT IMPEDANCE EXERCISES 2 TWO-PORT PARAMETERS 2.1 THE SCATTERING MATRIX 2.1.1 Traveling waves and scattering parameters 2.1.2 Scattering parameter evaluation 2.1.3 General definition of scattering parameters 2.1.4 Active source representation 2.1.5 Available power 2.1.6 Some comments and a few useful results 2.2 TRANSMISSION (ABCD) AND y-PARAMETERS 2.2.1 Transmission parameters 2.2.2 The short line approximation 2.2.3 The resonant line approximation 2.2.4 Admittance (y) parameters EXERCISES REFERENCES 3 MICROSTRIP TRANSMISSION LINES — basic theory 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.1.1 The coaxial line 3.1.2 The symmetrical strip transmission line 3.1.3 The microstrip transmission line 3.2 MICROSTRIP CAPACITANCE EVALUATION 3.2.1 Using conformal transformations 3.2.2 Using the finite difference method 3.2.3 Using the method of sub-areas 3.2.4 Accurate capacitance results 3.3 THE CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE — ANALYSIS 3.3.1 The microstrip line in free space 3.3.2 The effective relative permittivity 3.4 THE CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE — SYNTHESIS 3.5 OTHER PUBLISHED MICROSTRIP LINE FORMULAE EXERCISES REFERENCES 4 MICROSTRIP TRANSMISSION LINES — further considerations 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 PRACTICAL MICROSTRIP LINES 4.2.1 Finite strip thickness 4.2.2 Losses 4.2.3 Shielding enclosures 4.3 SUBSTRATE MATERIALS 4.4 DISPERSION 4.4.1 The effective relative permittivity 4.4.2 The characteristic impedance 4.5 OTHER MODES OF PROPAGATION 4.5.1 Radiation 4.5.2 Surface waves 4.5.3 Transverse microstrip resonance 4.5.4 Waveguide cavity resonance EXERCISES REFERENCES 5 DISCONTINUITIES 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 THE OPEN-CIRCUIT END CORRECTION 5.3 CORNERS 5.4 THE SYMMETRICAL STEP 5.5 THE T-JUNCTION 5.6 SERIES GAPS EXERCISES REFERENCES 6 THE SMITH CHART AND ITS USES 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 THE SMITH CHART 6.3 MEASUREMENT OF A LOAD IMPEDANCE 6.3.1 Measurement based on the voltage reflection coefficient 6.3.2 Measurement based on the standing wave pattern 6.4 SINGLE-STUB MATCHING 6.5 DOUBLE-STUB MATCHING 6.6 QUARTER-WAVE TRANSFORMER MATCHING 6.6.1 The single-section transformer 6.6.2 Multiple-section transformers 6.7 IMPEDANCE MATCHING WITH A TAPERED LINE 6.8 MATCHING WITH LUMPED LOSSLESS ELEMENTS 6.8.1 Short lengths of transmission line 6.8.2 The matching procedure 6.9 SINGLE-SECTION LINE MATCHING 6.10 DOUBLE-SECTION LINE MATCHING 6.11 IMPEDANCE SYNTHESIS EXERCISES REFERENCES 7 HYBRID-LINE COUPLERS 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 EVEN- AND ODD-MODE ANALYSIS 7.3 THE BRANCH-LINE COUPLER 7.4 THE BRANCH-LINE COUPLER — with improved coupling performance 7.5 THE BRANCH-LINE COUPLER — with multiple sections 7.6 THE HYBRID-RING COUPLER 7.6.1 Introduction 7.6.2 A qualitative description 7.6.3 A complete analysis 7.7 THE HYBRID-RING COUPLER — with modified ring impedances EXERCISES REFERENCES 8 PARALLEL-COUPLED LINES AND DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.2 EVEN- AND ODD-MODE ANALYSIS 8.3 COUPLED-LINE PARAMETERS 8.4 MULTIPLE-SECTION DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS 8.5 THE LANGE COUPLER EXERCISES REFERENCES 9 FILTERS 9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.2 BIAS NETWORKS 9.2.1 The d.c. open circuit 9.2.2 The d.c. returnand r.f. block 9.3 LOW-PASS FILTERS 9.3.1 Terminology 9.3.2 The maximally-fiate response 9.3.3 The equi-ripple response 9.3.4 Scaling the prototype values 9.3.5 Practical considerations 9.4 BAND-PASS FILTERS 9.4.1 The coupling mechanism 9.4.2 Mapping functions 9.4.3 Resonators and immittance inverters 9.4.4 Parallel-coupled lines as immittance inverters 9.4.5 Band-pass filter design 9.5 BAND-STOP FILTERS EXERCISES REFERENCES 10 MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS 10.1 INTRODUCTION 10.2 LAUNCHING TECHNIQUES 10.2.1 Coaxial line to microstrip transition 10.2.2 Rectangular waveguide to microstrip transition 10.2.3 Microstrip to slot-line transition 10.2.4 Microstrip to coplanar waveguide transition 10.3 LUMPED COMPONENTS 10.4 POWER DIVIDERS AND COMBINERS 10.5 CIRCULATORS 10.6 DIELECTRIC RESONATORS 10.7 MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS EXERCISES REFERENCES 11 ACTIVE CIRCUIT CHARACTERIZATION 11.1 INTRODUCTION 11.2 POWER GAINS 11.3 SIMULTANEOUS CONJUGATE MATCHING 11.3.1 Simultaneous conjugate matching in the general case 11.4 STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS 11.4.1 Unconditional stability 11.4.2 Other formulations for stability 11.4.3 Stabilization techniques 11.5 SOME POWER GAIN FORMULAE 11.5.1 The matched condition 11.5.2 The unmatched condition 11.5.3 The unilateral case 11.5.4 Some further considerations 11.6 NOISE CHARACTERIZATION 11.7 DESIGN OPTIONS EXERCISES REFERENCES 12 MICROSTRIP CIRCUITS AND SUBSYSTEMS 12.1 INTRODUCTION 12.2 A LOW-NOISE AMPLIFIER 12.3 MIXERS 12.3.1 Balanced mixers 12.3.2 A balanced mixer example 12.4 SWITCHING CIRCUITS 12.4.1 Switching elements 12.4.2 Digitally controlled phase shifters 12.4.3 A transmit/receive switch REFERENCES 13 MICROSTRIP LINE EXPERIMENTS 13.1 INTRODUCTION 13.2 S-PARAMETER MEASUREMENTS 13.2.1 Related parameters 13.2.2 De-embedding considerations 13.3 MICROSTRIP LINE PARAMETERS 13.4 DISCONTINUITY MEASUREMENTS REFERENCES APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 THE FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD — applied to microstrip lines APPENDIX 2 THE METHOD OF SUB-AREAS APPENDIX 3 MICROSTRIP LINE DATA APPENDIX 4 FORMULAE FOR PARALLEL-COUPLED MICROSTRIP TRANSMISSION LINES ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES INDEX