Insect Pest Management, 3rd Edition

This undergraduate and postgraduate textbook covering the key principles, methodologies, approaches and practical examples of insect pest management in agricultural, post harvest systems, horticulture, insect vectors and medical and veterinary entomology, featuring the underpinning monitoring and forecasting of pest outbreaks; yield loss and impact assessments and all of the latest methods of control and management of insects from insecticides; host manipulation; plant resistance; biological control; use of interference; agronomic and precision control methods; as well as socio-economic and research management aspects of developing integrated approaches to pest management. The new edition also reflects the key advances made in the disciplines of molecular biology, biochemistry and genomics related to insects and their management, as well as the importance and role of biodiversity, climate change, precision agriculture, data management and sustainability of production and supply in delivering integrated management solutions. Cover Insect Pest Management Copyright Contents Preface Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 1.1 A Brief History of Pest Management 1.2 Causes of Pest Outbreaks 1.3 The Stakeholders in Pest Management 1.3.1 Governments, politics and funding agencies 1.3.2 Research scientists 1.3.3 Commercial companies 1.3.4 Farmers and growers 1.3.5 Customers and consumers 1.3.6 Balancing costs and benefits 2 Sampling, Monitoring and Forecasting 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Sampling 2.2.1 Random, stratified random and systematic sampling 2.2.2 Sample size 2.2.3 Sample independence and interaction 2.3 Population Estimates 2.3.1 Absolute estimates 2.3.2 Relative estimates 2.3.3 Natality 2.3.4 Development and growth 2.3.5 Survival and mortality 2.3.6 Migration 2.4 Monitoring Strategies and Objectives 2.4.1 Surveys, and field-based and fixed-position monitoring 2.4.2 Biology and nature of attack 2.4.3 Availability and suitability of monitoring techniques 2.5 Forecasting 2.5.1 Action thresholds 2.5.2 Temperature and physiological time 2.5.3 Predictive models 2.5.4 Geographic information systems (GIS) 2.6 Discussion 3 Yield Loss 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Approaches and Objectives 3.3 Measurement of Yield Loss 3.3.1 Pest intensity 3.3.2 Types of pest damage 3.3.3 Measures of yield and yield loss 3.4 Crop Loss Surveys 3.5 Plant Growth Analysis and Modelling 3.5.1 Crop growth models 3.5.2 Modelling plant physiological processes 3.6 Manipulative Techniques 3.6.1 Artificial infestation 3.6.2 Simulated damage 3.6.3 Control of initial levels of infestation 3.7 Paired-treatment Experiments 3.8 Field Trials: Principles 3.9 Economics of Yield Loss 3.9.1 Infestation and yield loss 3.9.2 Economic threshold concept 3.9.3 Economic thresholds in practice 3.10 Discussion 4 Insecticides 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Objectives and Strategies 4.3 Classes of Chemical Insecticides 4.3.1 Organochlorines 4.3.2 Organophosphates 4.3.3 Carbamates 4.3.4 Pyrethroids 4.3.5 Neonicotinoids 4.3.6 Ryanoids 4.3.7 Insect growth regulators 4.3.8 New classes and insecticide leads 4.4 Formulations 4.4.1 Solutions 4.4.2 Emulsion concentrates 4.4.3 Water-dispersible powders 4.4.4 Suspension concentrates 4.4.5 Water-dispersible granules 4.4.6 Baits 4.4.7 Dusts 4.4.8 Granules and pellets 4.4.9 Fumigants 4.4.10 Controlled-release formulations 4.4.11 Spray adjuvants 4.5 The Target and Transfer of Insecticides 4.5.1 Efficacy testing 4.5.2 Spray characteristics and droplet deposition 4.5.3 Factors influencing the target and pick-up 4.6 Application Equipment 4.7 The Farmer/User Requirements 4.7.1 Ease of use 4.7.2 Safety 4.7.3 Economic viability 4.8 Insecticide Resistance 4.9 Ecotoxicology 4.9.1 Non-target arthropods 4.9.2 Other organisms 4.9.3 Fate of insecticides in air, soil and water 4.9.4 Insecticide residues 4.10 Rational Insecticide Use 4.10.1 Timing of insecticide application 4.10.2 Dosage and persistence 4.10.3 Selective placement 4.11 Discussion 5 Host Plant Resistance 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Objectives and Strategies 5.3 Genetics of Virulence and Resistance 5.3.1 The pathosystem concept 5.3.2 The vertical pathosystem 5.3.3 The horizontal pathosystem 5.3.4 The gene-for-gene model and biotypes 5.3.5 Insect effectors and gene-for-gene relationships 5.3.6 Durable major gene resistance and horizontal resistance 5.4 Breeding Methods 5.4.1 Plant-breeding schemes 5.4.2 Inbred pure lines 5.4.3 Open-pollinated populations 5.4.4 Hybrids 5.4.5 Clonal reproduction 5.4.6 Backcross breeding 5.4.7 Breeding for horizontal resistance 5.4.8 Breeding trials design 5.5 Evaluating Resistance 5.5.1 Mechanisms of resistance 5.5.2 Evaluating antixenosis and antibiosis 5.5.3 Morphological and biochemical bases of resistance 5.5.4 Diagnostic characteristics and genetic markers 5.6 New Plant-breeding Techniques 5.6.1 Techniques in genetic manipulation 5.6.2 Genetic manipulation for insect resistance 5.7 Delivering Durable Crop Resistance to Insects 5.7.1 Gene rotation 5.7.2 Pyramiding genes 5.7.3 Mixtures and refuges 5.7.4 Mechanistic approaches 5.8 Discussion 6 Biological Control 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Objectives and Strategies 6.3 Micro- and Macrobiological Control Agents 6.3.1 Pathogens 6.3.2 Predators 6.3.3 Parasitoids 6.4 Agent Selection 6.4.1 Pests and cropping systems 6.4.2 Biocontrol agent selection criteria 6.5 Predator–Prey Theory and Analytical Models 6.5.1 The general model 6.5.2 Equilibrium levels 6.5.3 Stability Density dependence Functional response Mutual interference Host susceptibility Variable parasitoid sex ratios Synovigeny Non-random search in a patchy environment 6.5.4 Metapopulation dynamics and models 6.5.5 Multiple-species models 6.5.6 Life table analysis 6.6 Practical Approaches to the Evaluation of Natural Enemies 6.6.1 Field survey, collection and observation 6.6.2 Dissection and biochemical techniques 6.6.3 Exclusion/inclusion methods 6.6.4 Insecticidal check ‘interference’ methods 6.6.5 Behavioural and prey enrichment studies 6.6.6 Ranking of natural enemies 6.7 Classical Biological Control 6.7.1 Target pest identification and area of origin 6.7.2 Foreign exploration, selection and field evaluation 6.7.3 Quarantine and mass production 6.7.4 Release and establishment 6.7.5 Post-establishment evaluation 6.8 Inundation and Biopesticides 6.8.1 Biopesticide development 6.8.2 Production of pathogens 6.8.3 Use of biopesticides 6.9 Augmentation and Inoculation with Natural Enemies 6.9.1 Mass rearing of natural enemies for release 6.9.2 Costs and benefits 6.10 Conservation Biological Control 6.10.1 Habitat refuges 6.10.2 Food sources 6.11 Discussion 7 Cultural and Interference Methods 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Approaches and Objectives 7.3 Condition of the Host 7.4 Modifying the Physical Environment 7.4.1 Physical barriers and mulches 7.5 Agronomic Practices 7.5.1 Crop rotation 7.5.2 Tillage practices 7.5.3 Planting date 7.5.4 Sowing/planting density 7.6 Mixed and Intercropping 7.6.1 Ecological theory and experimentation 7.7 Semiochemicals 7.7.1 Types of behaviour-modifying chemicals 7.7.2 Mass trapping 7.7.3 Mating disruption 7.7.4 Lure-and-kill target systems 7.7.5 Manipulating natural enemies 7.8 Sterile Insect Technique and Autosterilization 7.8.1 Autosterilization systems 7.9 Discussion 8 Legislation, Codes of Conduct and Conventions 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Quarantine Regulations 8.3 Regulation of Pesticides 8.4 Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms 8.5 The Convention on Biological Diversity 8.6 Discussion 9 Programme Design, Management and Implementation 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Defining the Problem 9.2.1 Historical profile 9.2.2 Seasonal profiles and damage matrices 9.2.3 Interaction matrices 9.2.4 Decision trees 9.2.5 Understanding the farmer 9.3 Programme Design 9.3.1 Research status analysis 9.3.2 Selection of control measures Pest types Types of control Operational factors 9.3.3 Objectives and strategies 9.4 Programme Management 9.4.1 Organizational structures 9.4.2 Management as an integrating activity 9.4.3 Management training for scientists 9.5 Delivery of Research Results 9.5.1 Simulation models 9.5.2 Expert systems 9.5.3 Linear programming 9.5.4 Goal programming 9.5.5 Decision trees 9.5.6 Dynamic programming 9.6 Implementation and Adoption 9.6.1 Conditions for change 9.6.2 Reasons for failure to adopt new technologies 9.6.3 Agricultural advisory and extension services 9.6.4 Farmer field schools 9.7 Discussion 10 Driving Forces and Future Prospects for IPM 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Working IPM Systems 10.2.1 Pest management in soybean 10.2.2 Pest management in cotton 10.2.3 Pest management in greenhouse crops 10.2.4 Lessons learnt 10.3 Panaceas, Paradigms and Pragmatism 10.4 Models, Information Technology and Communication Technology in IPM 10.5 A Question of Scale? 10.5.1 Sustainable use of control measures 10.5.2 Levels of integration 10.6 Technological Advances and Commerce 10.7 Politics, the Public and the Environment 10.8 Conclusion 10.8.1 The problem 10.8.2 A framework for the future 10.8.3 And finally References Index Bock Cover This new, third edition has been thoroughly updated to include all the key principles, methodologies, approaches and practical examples of insect pest management in agriculture, horticulture, medical and veterinary entomology. The book covers monitoring and forecasting of pest outbreaks, yield loss and impact assessments and all of the latest methods involved in the control and management of insects. It includes coverage of host manipulation, plant resistance, biological control, use of interference, agronomic precision control methods and insecticides as well as socio-economic and research management aspects of developing integrated approaches to pest management. The new edition also reflects the key advances made in the disciplines of molecular biology, biochemistry and genomics related to insects and their management. It also considers the importance and role of biodiversity, climate change, precision agriculture, data management and sustainability of production and supply in delivering integrated management solutions. This important text continues to be essential reading for students, researchers and industry scientists involved in all aspects of insect pest management, applied entomology, crop protection and medical and veterinary entomology "This new, third edition has been thoroughly updated to include all the key principles, methodologies, approaches and practical examples of insect pest management in agricultural, post harvest and horticultural contexts, as well as looking at insects as vectors of disease from a medical and veterinary perspective"-- Provided by publisher