Diffusion Processes in Advanced Technological Materials

My 12-year-old granddaughter Nina Alesi once asked me, "Grandpa, you are a scientist at IBM, so what do you do?" I tried to reply, "Oh, I watch atoms move. . . " But before I could finish this sentence, my 7-year-old grandson Vinnie interjected, "Grandpa, do atoms play soccer?" This book is about the games atoms play in diffusion and various other properties of materials. While diffusion has been studied for more than 100 years in solids, its importance, excitement, and intellectual chal­ lenges remain undiminished with time. It is central to understanding the relationship between the structure and properties of naturally occurring and synthetic materials, which is at the root of current technological development and innovations. The diversity of material has led to spec­ tacular progress in functional inorganics, polymers, granular materials, photonics, complex oxides, metallic glasses, quasi-crystals, and strongly correlated electronic materials. The integrity of complex materials pack­ ages is determined by diffusion, a highly interactive and synergic phe­ nomenon that interrelates to the microstructure, the microchemistry, and the superimposed physical fields. While the various physico-chemical properties of the materials are affected by diffusion, they determine diffu­ sion itself. This book, which is intended to document the diffusive processes operative in advanced technological materials, has been written by pio­ neers in industry and academia. My 12-year-old granddaughter Nina Alesi once asked me, "Grandpa, you are a scientist at IBM, so what do you do?" I tried to reply, "Oh, I watch atoms move. . ." But before I could finish this sentence, my 7-year-old grandson Vinnie interjected, "Grandpa, do atoms play soccer?" This book is about the games atoms play in diffusion and various other properties of materials. While diffusion has been studied for more than 100 years in solids, its importance, excitement, and intellectual chalƯ lenges remain undiminished with time. It is central to understanding the relationship between the structure and properties of naturally occurring and synthetic materials, which is at the root of current technological development and innovations. The diversity of material has led to specƯ tacular progress in functional inorganics, polymers, granular materials, photonics, complex oxides, metallic glasses, quasi-crystals, and strongly correlated electronic materials. The integrity of complex materials packƯ ages is determined by diffusion, a highly interactive and synergic pheƯ nomenon that interrelates to the microstructure, the microchemistry, and the superimposed physical fields. While the various physico-chemical properties of the materials are affected by diffusion, they determine diffuƯ sion itself. This book, which is intended to document the diffusive processes operative in advanced technological materials, has been written by pioƯ neers in industry and academia 1. DIFFUSION IN BULK SOLIDS AND THIN FILMS: SOME PHENOMENOLOGICAL EXAMPLES, Devendra Gupta 2. SOLID STATE DIFFUSION AND BULK PROPERTIES, G.P. Tiwari, R.S. Mehrotra, and Y. Iijima 3. ATOMISTIC COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF DIFFUSION, Y. Mishin 4. BULK AND GRAIN BOUNDARY DIFFUSION IN INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS, Christain Herzig and Sergiy Divinski 5. DIFFUSION BARRIERS IN SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES/CIRCUITS, Shyam P. Murarka 6. REACTIVE PHASE FORMATION: SOME THEORY AND APPLICATIONS, F. M. d'Heurle, P. Gas, C. Lavoie, and J. Philibert. 7. METAL DIFFUSION IN POLYMERS AND ON POLYMER SURFACES, F. Faupel, A. Thran, V. Zaporojtchenko, T Strunskus and M. Kiene 8. MEASUREMENT OF STRESSES IN THIN FILMS AND THEIR RELAXATION, O. Kraft and H. Gao 9. ELECTROMIGRATION in Cu THIN FILMS, C.-K. Hu, L. Gignac, R. Rosenberg 10. DIFFUSION IN SOME PEROVSKITES: HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPER CONDUCTING AND A PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMIC, Devendra Gupta This new game book for understanding atoms at play aims to document diffusion processes and various other properties operative in advanced technological materials. Diffusion in functional organic chemicals, polymers, granular materials, complex oxides, metallic glasses, and quasi-crystals among other advanced materials is a highly interactive and synergic phenomenon. A large variety of atomic arrangements are possible. Each arrangement affects the performance of these advanced, polycrystalline multiphase materials used in photonics, MEMS, electronics, and other applications of current and developing interest. This book is written by pioneers in industry and academia for engineers, chemists, and physicists in industry and academia at the forefront of today's challenges in nanotechnology, surface science, materials science, and semiconductors This book documents diffusion processes and various other properties operative in advanced technological materials. Diffusion in functional organic chemicals, polymers, granular materials, complex oxides, metallic glasses, and quasi-crystals among other advanced materials is a highly interactive and synergic phenomenon. A large variety of atomic arrangements are possible. Each arrangement affects the performance of these advanced, polycrystalline multiphase materials used in photonics, MEMS, electronics, and other applications of current and developing interest. This book is written by pioneers in industry and academia for engineers, chemists, and physicists in industry and academia at the forefront of today's challenges in nanotechnology, surface science, materials science, and semiconductors Front Matter....Pages i-xviii Diffusion in Bulk Solids and Thin Films: Some Phenomenological Examples....Pages 1-68 Solid State Diffusion and Bulk Properties....Pages 69-111 Atomistic Computer Simulation of Diffusion....Pages 113-171 Bulk and Grain Boundary Diffusion in Intermetallic Compounds....Pages 173-238 Diffusion Barriers in Semiconductor Devices/Circuits....Pages 239-281 Reactive Phase Formation: Some Theory and Applications....Pages 283-332 Metal Diffusion in Polymers and on Polymer Surfaces....Pages 333-363 Measurement of Stresses in Thin Films and Their Relaxation....Pages 365-404 Electromigration in Cu Thin Films....Pages 405-487 Diffusion in Some Perovskites: HTSC Cuprates and a Piezoelectric Ceramic....Pages 489-527 Back Matter....Pages 529-532 Diffusion Processes in Advanced Technological Materials documents results of the diffusive processes in engineering materials studied both experimentally and using advanced computer simulations. The chapters have been written by experts from eminent international institutes and industrial research centers. It will be useful to people in industry and academia alike who are interested in the application of diverse materials in various combinations.