[Cognitive Technologies] Cognitive Research ||

Dealing with uncertainty, moving from ignorance to knowledge, is the focus of cognitive processes. Understanding these processes and modelling, designing, and building artificial cognitive systems have long been challenging research problems. This book describes the theory and methodology of a new, scientifically well-founded general approach, and its realization in the form of intelligent systems applicable in disciplines ranging from social sciences, such as cognitive science and sociology, through natural sciences, such as life sciences and chemistry, to applied sciences, such as medicine, education, and engineering. The main subject developed in the book is cognitive reasoning investigated at three levels of abstraction: conceptual, formal, and realizational. The authors offer a model of a cognizing agent for the conceptual theory of cognitive reasoning, and they also present a logically well-founded formal cognitive reasoning framework to handle the various plausible reasoning methods. They conclude with an object model of a cognitive engine. The book is suitable for researchers, scientists, and graduate students working in the areas of artificial intelligence, mathematical logic, and philosophy. Preface Contents Introduction What Is Cognition? Cognizing Agents Cognitive Reasoning Logic and Cognitive Reasoning Requirements for a Formal Cognitive Reasoning Theory Objectives The Formal Approach to Be Developed Overview Part I Conceptual Theory of Cognitive Reasoning Introductory Explanation Basic System of Concepts Facts and Knowledge Truth Values: Informal Discussion Reasoning Constructing a Model of a Cognizing Agent The Structure and Functioning of the Cognizing Agent Cognitive Reasoning Framework Theories of the CR Framework Modelling Cognitive Reasoning in the CR Framework Part II Logic Foundation Introductory Explanation Propositional Logic Notation Classical Propositional Logic (Syntax and Semantics) Classical Propositional Logic (Calculus) Propositional PJ Logics (Syntax and Semantics) PJ Logics (Calculus) First-Order Logics Terms and Notation Classical First-Order Logic (Syntax and Semantics) Classical First-Order Logic (Calculus) First-Order PJ Logics (Syntax and Semantics) First-Order PJ Logic (Calculus) Part III Formal CR Framework Introductory Explanation Modification Calculi State Descriptions over Sets of Constants Inference Derivability in Modification Calculi and L1 Cuts of Record Strings: the General Case (m,s)-Cuts Deductive Cuts and Their Applications Deductive Correctness Semantics Sequences of L-Structures Structure Generators Iterative Representation of Structure Generators Immersions and Snaps Implementations and Extensions Iterative Images Modification Theories Validity and Derivability Modification Theories Conformability Locality Atomic Sorts Part IV Handling Complex Structures Introductory Explanation Atomic Sorts Set Sorts Some Properties of the Set Sorts Modification Rules and Modification Calculi for Set Sorts Example Set-Admitting Structures Atoms Set Axioms Set Sorts in Modification Calculi Positive and Negative Connection w.r.t. Set Sorts Generating Rules for Modification Rule Systems with Set Sorts Perfect Modification Calculi (PMC) Coherent Inferences in Perfect Modification Calculi (General Properties) Modification Rules Within Coherent Inferences (Positive Case) Modification Rules Within Coherent Inferences (Negative Case) Conformability (Set Case) Part V JSM Theories Introductory Explanation Simple JSM Theories Basic JSM theories Simple JSM Theories Causal and Prediction Rules Defining Axioms for the Simple JSM Theories Simple JSM Theories with Exclusion of Counterexamples Advanced JSM Theories Generalised JSM Theories Defining Axioms for the Generalised JSM Theories Non-symmetric JSM Theories Similarity Representation Basic Concepts Distinguishability Condition and Similarity Representation JSM Theories for Complex Structures JSM Theories with Set Sorts Simple JSM Theories with Property Sets Defining Axioms for the Simple JSM Theories with Property Sets Part VI Looking Back and Ahead Introductory Overview Towards the Realisation Object Model Description Object Model Application CR Framework Conceptual CR Framework Formal CR Framework Open Problems Philosophical--Methodological Implications of the Proposed CR Framework Epistemology Ontology Methodology References Glossary Index "This book describes the theory and methodology of a new, scientifically well-founded general approach, and its realization in the form of intelligent systems applicable in disciplines ranging from social sciences, such as cognitive science and sociology, through natural sciences, such as life sciences and chemistry, to applied sciences, such as medicine, education, and engineering. The book is suitable for researchers, scientists, and graduate students working in the areas of artificial intelligence, mathematical logic, and philosophy."--Jacket