"Biometric recognition--the automated recognition of individuals based on their behavioral and biological characteristic--is promoted as a way to help identify terrorists, provide better control of access to physical facilities and financial accounts, and increase the efficiency of access to services and their utilization. Biometric recognition has been applied to identification of criminals, patient tracking in medical informatics, and the personalization of social services, among other things. In spite of substantial effort, however, there remain unresolved questions about the effectiveness and management of systems for biometric recognition, as well as the appropriateness and societal impact of their use. Moreover, the general public has been exposed to biometrics largely as high-technology gadgets in spy thrillers or as fear-instilling instruments of state or corporate surveillance in speculative fiction. Now, as biometric technologies appear poised for broader use, increased concerns about national security and the tracking of individuals as they cross borders have caused passports, visas, and border-crossing records to be linked to biometric data. A focus on fighting insurgencies and terrorism has led to the military deployment of biometric tools to enable recognition of individuals as friend or foe. Commercially, finger-imaging sensors, whose cost and physical size have been reduced, now appear on many laptop personal computers, handheld devices, mobile phones, and other consumer devices. Biometric Recognition: Challenges and Opportunities addresses the issues surrounding broader implementation of this technology, making two main points: first, biometric recognition systems are incredibly complex, and need to be addressed as such. Second, biometric recognition is an inherently probabilistic endeavor. Consequently, even when the technology and the system in which it is embedded are behaving as designed, there is inevitable uncertainty and risk of error. This book elaborates on these themes in detail to provide policy makers, developers, and researchers a comprehensive assessment of biometric recognition that examines current capabilities, future possibilities, and the role of government in technology and system development."--Publisher's description. Cover......Page 1 Title......Page 2 Copyright......Page 3 The National Academies......Page 4 WHITHER BIOMETRICS COMMITTEE......Page 6 COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS BOARD......Page 7 Preface......Page 8 Acknowledgment of Reviewers......Page 12 Contents......Page 14 Summary......Page 18 FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMETRIC RECOGNITION AND HUMAN INDIVIDUAL DISTINCTIVENESS......Page 20 BIOMETRIC SYSTEMS AND TRUSTWORTHINESS......Page 22 TESTING, DESIGN, AND DEPLOYMENT......Page 24 SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 27 ELEMENTS OF A NATIONAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC POLICY AGENDA......Page 29 1 Introduction and Fundamental Concepts......Page 32 THE SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE......Page 36 MOTIVATIONS FOR USING BIOMETRIC SYSTEMS......Page 37 HUMAN IDENTITY AND BIOMETRICS......Page 39 The Fundamental Dogma of Biometrics......Page 40 BASIC OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS......Page 41 Sample Operational Process......Page 42 Measures of Operational Efficacy......Page 43 Variability and Uncertainty......Page 44 Within- and Between-Person Variability......Page 45 Stability and Distinctiveness at Global Scale......Page 47 Biometric Modalities......Page 48 Comparison of Modalities......Page 51 Multibiometrics......Page 52 COPING WITH THE PROBABILISTIC NATURE OF BIOMETRIC SYSTEMS......Page 53 ADDITIONAL IMPLICATIONS FOR OPEN- SET IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS......Page 62 SECURITY AND THREAT MODELING......Page 64 ON REPORT SCOPE AND BOUNDARIES......Page 69 2 Engineering Biometric Systems......Page 70 Enrollment Operations......Page 71 Capture and Matching Operations......Page 75 OPERATIONAL CONTEXT......Page 76 User Context......Page 77 Application Context......Page 79 Technology Context......Page 81 Performance Context......Page 82 Sensor Interoperability......Page 83 SYSTEM LIFE-CYCLE ISSUES......Page 85 TEST AND EVALUATION......Page 87 Test and Evaluation Standards......Page 90 Performance Assessment and Evaluation......Page 91 3 Lessons from Other Large-Scale Systems......Page 93 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS......Page 94 MEDICAL SCREENING SYSTEMS......Page 98 4 Cultural, Social, and Legal Considerations......Page 102 Motivating Participation by Individuals......Page 103 Facilitating Individual Participation......Page 104 Universality and Potential Disenfranchisement......Page 106 Privacy as a Cultural Consideration......Page 107 Individuality and Identity......Page 110 LEGAL ISSUES......Page 112 Reliability......Page 113 Privacy in a Legal Context and Potential Implications for Biometrics......Page 117 DATA POLICIES......Page 128 Information-Sharing Issues......Page 129 Protection of Biometric Data......Page 131 SUMMARY......Page 132 5 Research Opportunities and the Future of Biometrics......Page 133 TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES......Page 134 Human Factors and Affordance......Page 135 Distinctiveness and Stability of Underlying Phenomena......Page 136 Modality-Related Research......Page 138 Information Security Research......Page 139 Testing and Evaluation Research......Page 140 Systems-Level Statistical Engineering Research......Page 146 Research on Scale......Page 147 Social Science Research Opportunities......Page 149 PUBLIC POLICY CONSIDERATIONS AND RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES......Page 152 REALIZING A WELL-DESIGNED BIOMETRIC SYSTEM......Page 154 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 155 Appendixes......Page 156 COMMITTEE MEMBERS......Page 158 STAFF......Page 165 Appendix B: Watch-List Operational Performance and List Size: A First-Cut Analysis......Page 167 Appendix C: Statement of Task......Page 171 THE FBI’S IAFIS SYSTEM......Page 172 DISNEY’S ENTRANCE CONTROL SYSTEM......Page 173 U.S. ARMY’S BIOMETRIC AUTOMATED TOOLKIT......Page 174 Appendix E: The Biometrics Standards Landscape......Page 176 MAJOR STANDARDS......Page 177 Standard for the Interchange of Biometric Data......Page 178 Fingerprint Minutiae Exchange Standard......Page 180 CHALLENGES IN THE BIOMETRIC STANDARDS ARENA......Page 181 Biometric Recognition--the Automated Recognition Of Individuals Based On Their Behavioral And Biological Characteristic--is Promoted As A Way To Help Identify Terrorists, Provide Better Control Of Access To Physical Facilities And Financial Accounts, And Increase The Efficiency Of Access To Services And Their Utilization. Biometric Recognition Has Been Applied To Identification Of Criminals, Patient Tracking In Medical Informatics, And The Personalization Of Social Services, Among Other Things. In Spite Of Substantial Effort, However, There Remain Unresolved Questions About The Effectiveness And Management Of Systems For Biometric Recognition, As Well As The Appropriateness And Societal Impact Of Their Use. Moreover, The General Public Has Been Exposed To Biometrics Largely As High-technology Gadgets In Spy Thrillers Or As Fear-instilling Instruments Of State Or Corporate Surveillance In Speculative Fiction.^ Now, As Biometric Technologies Appear Poised For Broader Use, Increased Concerns About National Security And The Tracking Of Individuals As They Cross Borders Have Caused Passports, Visas, And Border-crossing Records To Be Linked To Biometric Data. A Focus On Fighting Insurgencies And Terrorism Has Led To The Military Deployment Of Biometric Tools To Enable Recognition Of Individuals As Friend Or Foe. Commercially, Finger-imaging Sensors, Whose Cost And Physical Size Have Been Reduced, Now Appear On Many Laptop Personal Computers, Handheld Devices, Mobile Phones, And Other Consumer Devices. Biometric Recognition: Challenges And Opportunities Addresses The Issues Surrounding Broader Implementation Of This Technology, Making Two Main Points: First, Biometric Recognition Systems Are Incredibly Complex, And Need To Be Addressed As Such. Second, Biometric Recognition Is An Inherently Probabilistic Endeavor.^ Consequently, Even When The Technology And The System In Which It Is Embedded Are Behaving As Designed, There Is Inevitable Uncertainty And Risk Of Error. This Book Elaborates On These Themes In Detail To Provide Policy Makers, Developers, And Researchers A Comprehensive Assessment Of Biometric Recognition That Examines Current Capabilities, Future Possibilities, And The Role Of Government In Technology And System Development. Joseph N. Pato And Lynette I. Millett, Editors ; Whither Biometrics Committee, Communication Science And Telcommunications Board, Division On Engineering And Physical Sciences, National Research Council Of The National Academies. Title From Pdf Title Page. Includes Bibliographical References. Also Issued In Printing. Mode Of Access: World Wide Web.
Biometric recognition—the automated recognition of individuals based on their behavioral and biological characteristic—is promoted as a way to help identify terrorists, provide better control of access to physical facilities and financial accounts, and increase the efficiency of access to services and their utilization. Biometric recognition has been applied to identification of criminals, patient tracking in medical informatics, and the personalization of social services, among other things. In spite of substantial effort, however, there remain unresolved questions about the effectiveness and management of systems for biometric recognition, as well as the appropriateness and societal impact of their use. Moreover, the general public has been exposed to biometrics largely as high-technology gadgets in spy thrillers or as fear-instilling instruments of state or corporate surveillance in speculative fiction.
Now, as biometric technologies appear poised for broader use, increased concerns about national security and the tracking of individuals as they cross borders have caused passports, visas, and border-crossing records to be linked to biometric data. A focus on fighting insurgencies and terrorism has led to the military deployment of biometric tools to enable recognition of individuals as friend or foe. Commercially, finger-imaging sensors, whose cost and physical size have been reduced, now appear on many laptop personal computers, handheld devices, mobile phones, and other consumer devices.
Biometric Recognition: Challenges and Opportunities addresses the issues surrounding broader implementation of this technology, making two main points: first, biometric recognition systems are incredibly complex, and need to be addressed as such. Second, biometric recognition is an inherently probabilistic endeavor. Consequently, even when the technology and the system in which it is embedded are behaving as designed, there is inevitable uncertainty and risk of error. This book elaborates on these themes in detail to provide policy makers, developers, and researchers a comprehensive assessment of biometric recognition that examines current capabilities, future possibilities, and the role of government in technology and system development.
