X Window System User's Guide (Definitive Guides to the X Window System)

The X Window System User's Guide orients the new user to window system concepts and provides detailed tutorials for many client programs, including the xterm terminal emulator and window managers. Building on this basic knowledge, later chapters explain how to customize the X environment and provide sample configurations. This popular manual is available in two editions, one for users of the MIT software, one for users of Motif. The Standard Edition uses the twm manager in most examples and illustrations. Revised and updated for X11 Release 5. Contents include: - Starting the system and opening windows. - Using the xterm terminal emulator and window managers. - Most standard release clients, including programs for graphics, printing, font manipulation, window/display information, removing windows, as well as several "desktop" utilities. - Customizing the window manager, keyboard, display, and certain basic features of any client program. - Using and customizing the mwm window manager, for those using the OSF/Motif graphical user interface. - System administration tasks, including managing fonts, starting X automatically, and using the display manager, xdm , to run X on a single or multiple display. New material covered in this fourth edition includes: - Overview of the X Color Management System (Xcms) - Creating your own Xcms color database - Tutorials for two "color editors": xcoloredit and xtici - Using the X font server - Tutorial for editres , a resource editor - Extensive coverage of the new implementations of bitmap and xmag - Overview of internationalization features Orients the new user to Window system concepts and provides detailed tutorials for many client programs, including the xterm terminal emulator and window managers. This popular manual is available in two editions, one for users of the MIT software, one for users of Motif. Revised for X11 Release 5 and Motif 1.2. Titlepage Copyright Table of Contents Figures Examples Tables Preface Assumptions Organization Bulk Sales Information xshowfonts.c Acknowlegements Font and Character Conventions PART ONE: Using X 1 An Introduction to the X Window System Anatomy of an X Display X Architecture Overview The X Display Server Clients The Window Manager The xterm Terminal Emulator The Display Manager Other X Clients Customizing Clients 2 Getting Started If X is Being Started Automatically Starting X Manually Starting the First xterm Window Bringing Up the Window Manager Starting a Second xterm Window Exiting from an xterm Window Special Keys How a Client Looks and Behaves: Application Defaults Starting Other Clients Running a Client on Another Machine Where to Go From Here 3 Using the twm Window Manager Starting the Window Manager Titlebars The Twm Menu Displaying Windows as Icons Resizing Windows Moving Windows and Icons Shuffling the Window Stack: Raise and Lower Raising Windows (bringing in front of others) Lowering Windows (sending behind others) Changing Keyboard Focus Removing a Window: Delete and Kill Restarting the Window Manager Exiting the Window Manager Button Control of Window Manager Functions Customizing twm Some of My Keystrokes are Missing 4 The xterm Terminal Emulator The Release 4 xterm Menus The xterm Menus at a Glance The Main Options Menu VT Options Menu VT Fonts Menu Tek Options Menu Using the Scroll bar Copying and Pasting Text Selections Selecting Text to Copy Pasting Text Selections Manipulating Text Selections Copying and Pasting between Release 2 and 3 Clients: xcutsel Saving Multiple Selections: xclipboard (Release 4 Version) Problems with Large Selections Editing Text Saved in the xclipboard Release 3 xclipboard Terminal Emulation and the xterm Terminal Type Resizing an xterm Window Running a Program in a Temporary xterm Window 5 Font Specification Font Naming Conventions Font Families Stroke Weight and Slant Font Sizes Other Information in the Font Name Font Name Wildcarding The Font Search Path The fonts.dir Files Font Name Aliasing Making the Server Aware of Aliases Utilities for Displaying Information about Fonts The Font Displayer: xfd Release 3 xfd Previewing and Selecting Fonts: xfontsel Previewing Fonts with the xfontsel Menus Selecting a Font Name Changing Fonts in xterm Windows The Great Escape The Selection Menu Item Release 2 versus Subsequent Release Fonts Font Specification in Release 2 6 Graphics Utilities Creating Icons and Other Bitmaps Bitmap Editing Commands Pointer Commands Bitmap Command Boxes Acting on the Entire Grid: Clear All, Set All, Invert All Acting on an Area: Clear Area, Set Area, Invert Area Copy Area, Move Area, Overlay Area Drawing: Line, Circle, Filled Circle Filling in a Shape: Flood Fill Hot Spots: Set Hot Spot, Clear Hot Spot Saving and Quitting: Write Output, Quit Creating a Bitmap from a Cursor Magnifying Portions of the Screen: xmag Quitting xmag What xmag Shows You Dynamically Choosing a Different Source Area 7 Other Clients Desk Accessories Clock Programs: xclock and oclock A Scientific Calculator: xcalc Terminating the calculator Mail Notification Client: xbiff Monitoring System Load Average: xload Browsing Reference Pages: xman Release 3 xman Printing Utilities: xwd. xpr, xdpr Killing a Client Window with xkill Problems with Killing a Client Window and Display Information Clients Displaying Information about a Window: xwininfo Listing the Window Tree: xlswins Listing the Currently Running Clients: xlsclients Generating Information about the Display: xdpyinfo User-contributed Clients X Toolkit Applications Dialog Boxes and Command Buttons Scroll bars Selecting Information for Copying and Pasting Vertical Panes Viewports Text Editing Widget PART TWO: Customizing X 8 Command Line Options Which Display to Run On Title and Name Window Geometry Border Width Color Specification The rgb.txt File Release 4 Color Names Release 3 Color Names Alternative Release 4 Color Databases Hexadecimal Color Specification The RGB Color Model How Many Colors are Available? Starting a Client Window as an Icon Specifying Fonts on the Command Line Reverse Video 9 Setting Resources Resource Naming Syntax Syntax of Toolkit Client Resources Tight Bindings and Loose Bindings Instances and Classes Precedence Rules for Resource Specification Some Common Resources Event Translations The Syntax of Event Translations xterm Translations to Use xclipboard How to Set Resources A Sample Resources File Specifying Resources from the Command Line The –xrm Option The –name Option Setting Resources with xrdb Querying the Resource Database Loading New Values into the Resource Database Saving Active Resource Definitions in a File Removing Resource Definitions Listing the Current Resources for a Client: appres Other Sources of Resource Definition 10 Customizing the twm Window Manager Setting .twmrc Variables Button/Key Bindings Pointer Buttons Keys Context Function Names Action Defining Menus Submenus Executing System Commands from a Menu Color Menus A Complete Revamp of twm 11 Setup Clients xset: Setting Display and Keyboard Preferences Keyboard Bell Bug Compatibility Mode Keyclick Volume Enabling or Disabling Auto-repeat Changing or Rehashing the Font Path Keyboard LEDs Pointer Acceleration Screen Saver Color Definition Help with xset Options xsetroot: Setting Root Window Characteristics Setting Root Window Patterns Foreground, Background Color and Reverse Video Changing the Root Window Pointer xmodmap: Modifier Key and Pointer Customization Keycodes and Keysyms Procedure to Map Modifier Keys Displaying the Current Modifier Key Map Detennining the Default Key Mappings Matching Keysyms with Physical Keys Using xev Changing the Map with xmodmap Expressions to Change the Key Map Key Mapping Examples Displaying and Changing the Pointer Map PART THREE: Client Reference Pages PART FOUR: Appendices A System Management Including X in Your Search Path Setting the Terminal Type A Startup Shell Script What Should Go in the Script Starting X Starting X with the Display Manager, xdm (Release 4) Getting Started with xdm on a Single Display Setting Up the Configuration File and Other Special Files The Standard Login Session Customizing xdm The Xservers File The Xsession File and .xsession Scripts The Xresources File The Error Log File The xdm-pid File (Release 4 Only) X startup and Xreset Security and the authorize Resource (Release 4 Only) Stopping xdm and the Server X Terminals and the XDM Control Protocol (Release 4) Release 3 xdm Release 3 Special Files and the Config File Customizing the Release 3 xdm Managing Multiple Displays: the Release 3 Xservers File Release 3 .xsession Scripts Release 3 Xresources File Release 3 X startup and X reset Starting X with xinit An Older Method of Starting X: /etc/ttys Server Access Control Host-based Access and the xhost Client User-based Access: xdm and the .Xauthority File (Release 4) Font Management Console Messages Log Files Changing the Color Name Database B The uwm Window Manager Starting the Window Manager The WindowOps Menu Creating New Terminal Windows C The OSF/Motif Window Manager Getting Started with mwm Starting mwm Selecting the Window to Receive Input Manipulating Windows with the mwm Window Frame Moving a Window: The Title Area Minimizing (lconifying) and Maximizing a Window The Minimize Button The Maximize Button Raising a Window Resizing a Window The Window Menu Button: Display a Menu or Close the Window Manipulating Windows Using the Window Menu Changing the Window Location: Move Resizing the Window: Size Iconifying the Window: Minimize Changing to the Maximum Size: Maximize Moving a Window to the Bottom of the Stack: Lower Removing a Window: Close Restoring a Maximized Window or an Icon: Restore Manipulating Icons Manipulating Icons Using the Window Menu The Root Menu Customizing mwm Activating Changes to the Window Manager The system.mwmrc File mwm Functions Menu Specifications Key Bindings Button Bindings Customizing the Root Menu Creating New Menus Cascading Menus Setting mwm Resources Component Appearance Resources mwm-Specific Appearance and Behavior Resources Client-Specific Resources Setting the Focus Policy Using an Icon Box D Standard Cursors E Release 3 and 4 Standard Fonts F xterm Control Sequences xterm Control Sequences Definitions VT102 Mode Tektronix 4014 Mode G Standard Bitmaps H Translation Table Syntax Event Types and Modifiers Detail Field Modifiers Complex Translation Examples Glossary Index **The X Windows System:** - [Volume 0: X Protocol Reference Manual](/works/OL4347519W/) - [Volume 1: Xlib Programming Manual](/works/OL4347525W/) - [Volume 2: Xlib Reference Manual](/works/OL19371049W/) - [Volume 3: X Window System User’s Guide](/works/OL2158084W/) - [Volume 4: X Toolkit Intrinsics Programming Manual](/works/OL8272931W/) - [Volume 5: X Toolkit Intrinsics Reference Manual](/works/OL18304438W/) - [Volume 6: Motif Programming Manual](/works/OL3862243W/) - [Volume 7a: XView Programming Manual](/works/OL3862248W/) - [Volume 7b: XView Reference Manual](/works/OL3862247W/) **Printing History:** September 1988: Athena First Edition. July 1989: Athena Second Edition. Revised to refelct Release 3. October 1989: Athena Edition. Minor Corrections. May 1990: Athena Third Edition. Revised to reflect Release 4. January 1991: Motif First Edition. March 1992: Motif Edition. Minor corrections. January 1993: Motif Edition. Minor corrections. May 1993: Motif Edition. Minor corrections. August 1993: Motif Edition. Minor corrections.