Visual C# 2012 How to Program, International Edition

Appropriate for all basic-to-intermediate level courses in Visual C# 2012 programming. Created by world-renowned programming instructors Paul and Harvey Deitel, Visual C# 2012 How to Program, Fifth Edition introduces all facets of the C# 2012 language hands-on, through hundreds of working programs. This book has been thoroughly updated to reflect the major innovations Microsoft has incorporated in Visual C# 2012; all discussions and sample code have been carefully audited against the newest Visual C# language specification.Students begin by getting comfortable with the C# Express 2012 IDE and basic Visual C# syntax. Next, they build their skills one step at a time, mastering control structures, classes, objects, methods, variables, arrays, and the core techniques of object-oriented programming. With this strong foundation in place, the Deitels introduce more sophisticated techniques, including searching, sorting, data structures, generics, and collections. Throughout, the authors show students how to make the most of Microsoft's Visual Studio tools. A series of appendices provide essential programming reference material. Cover 1 Contents 8 Preface 20 Before You Begin 36 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and Visual C# 40 1.1 Introduction 41 1.2 Hardware and Moore’s Law 41 1.3 Data Hierarchy 42 1.4 Computer Organization 45 1.5 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages 46 1.6 Object Technology 47 1.7 Internet and World Wide Web 49 1.8 C# 51 1.8.1 Object-Oriented Programming 51 1.8.2 Event-Driven Programming 51 1.8.3 Visual Programming 51 1.8.4 An International Standard; Other C# Implementations 51 1.8.5 Internet and Web Programming 52 1.8.6 Introducing async/await 52 1.8.7 Other Key Contemporary Programming Languages 52 1.9 Microsoft’s .NET 53 1.9.1 .NET Framework 53 1.9.2 Common Language Runtime 54 1.9.3 Platform Independence 54 1.9.4 Language Interoperability 54 1.10 Microsoft’s Windows® Operating System 55 1.11 Windows Phone 8 for Smartphones 56 1.11.1 Selling Your Apps in the Windows Phone Marketplace 57 1.11.2 Free vs. Paid Apps 57 1.11.3 Testing Your Windows Phone Apps 57 1.12 Windows AzureTM and Cloud Computing 58 1.13 Visual Studio Express 2012 Integrated Development Environment 58 1.14 Painter Test-Drive in Visual Studio Express 2012 for Windows Desktop 58 1.15 Painter Test-Drive in Visual Studio Express 2012 for Windows 8 62 2 Dive Into® Visual Studio Express 2012 for Windows Desktop 72 2.1 Introduction 73 2.2 Overview of the Visual Studio Express 2012 IDE 73 2.3 Menu Bar and Toolbar 78 2.4 Navigating the Visual Studio IDE 80 2.4.1 Solution Explorer 82 2.4.2 Toolbox 83 2.4.3 Properties Window 83 2.5 Using Help 85 2.6 Using Visual App Development to Create a Simple App that Displays Text and an Image 86 2.7 Wrap-Up 96 2.8 Web Resources 97 3 Introduction to C# Apps 104 3.1 Introduction 105 3.2 A Simple C# App: Displaying a Line of Text 105 3.3 Creating a Simple App in Visual Studio 111 3.4 Modifying Your Simple C# App 116 3.5 Formatting Text with Console.Write and Console.WriteLine 119 3.6 Another C# App: Adding Integers 120 3.7 Memory Concepts 124 3.8 Arithmetic 125 3.9 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 129 3.10 Wrap-Up 133 4 Introduction to Classes, Objects, Methods and strings 145 4.1 Introduction 146 4.2 Classes, Objects, Methods, Properties and Instance Variables 146 4.3 Declaring a Class with a Method and Instantiating an Object of a Class 147 4.4 Declaring a Method with a Parameter 152 4.5 Instance Variables and Properties 155 4.6 UML Class Diagram with a Property 160 4.7 Software Engineering with Properties and set and get Accessors 160 4.8 Auto-Implemented Properties 162 4.9 Value Types vs. Reference Types 162 4.10 Initializing Objects with Constructors 164 4.11 Floating-Point Numbers and Type decimal 167 4.12 Wrap-Up 173 5 Control Statements: Part 1 181 5.1 Introduction 182 5.2 Algorithms 182 5.3 Pseudocode 183 5.4 Control Structures 183 5.5 if Single-Selection Statement 185 5.6 if...else Double-Selection Statement 187 5.7 while Repetition Statement 191 5.8 Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Repetition 193 5.9 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition 197 5.10 Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements 205 5.11 Compound Assignment Operators 210 5.12 Increment and Decrement Operators 210 5.13 Simple Types 213 5.14 Wrap-Up 214 6 Control Statements: Part 2 228 6.1 Introduction 229 6.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition 229 6.3 for Repetition Statement 230 6.4 Examples Using the for Statement 234 6.5 do...while Repetition Statement 238 6.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 240 6.7 break and continue Statements 248 6.8 Logical Operators 250 6.9 Structured-Programming Summary 255 6.10 Wrap-Up 260 7 Methods: A Deeper Look 270 7.1 Introduction 271 7.2 Packaging Code in C# 271 7.3 static Methods, static Variables and Class Math 273 7.4 Declaring Methods with Multiple Parameters 275 7.5 Notes on Declaring and Using Methods 279 7.6 Method-Call Stack and Activation Records 280 7.7 Argument Promotion and Casting 281 7.8 The .NET Framework Class Library 282 7.9 Case Study: Random-Number Generation 284 7.9.1 Scaling and Shifting Random Numbers 288 7.9.2 Random-Number Repeatability for Testing and Debugging 289 7.10 Case Study: A Game of Chance; Introducing Enumerations 289 7.11 Scope of Declarations 294 7.12 Method Overloading 297 7.13 Optional Parameters 299 7.14 Named Parameters 301 7.15 Recursion 302 7.16 Passing Arguments: Pass-by-Value vs. Pass-by-Reference 305 7.17 Wrap-Up 308 8 Arrays; Introduction to Exception Handling 324 8.1 Introduction 325 8.2 Arrays 325 8.3 Declaring and Creating Arrays 327 8.4 Examples Using Arrays 328 8.4.1 Creating and Initializing an Array 328 8.4.2 Using an Array Initializer 329 8.4.3 Calculating a Value to Store in Each Array Element 330 8.4.4 Summing the Elements of an Array 331 8.4.5 Using Bar Charts to Display Array Data Graphically 332 8.4.6 Using the Elements of an Array as Counters 334 8.4.7 Using Arrays to Analyze Survey Results; Introduction to Exception Handling 335 8.5 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 338 8.6 foreach Statement 342 8.7 Passing Arrays and Array Elements to Methods 344 8.8 Passing Arrays by Value and by Reference 346 8.9 Case Study: GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades 350 8.10 Multidimensional Arrays 355 8.11 Case Study: GradeBook Using a Rectangular Array 360 8.12 Variable-Length Argument Lists 366 8.13 Using Command-Line Arguments 368 8.14 Wrap-Up 370 9 Introduction to LINQ and the List Collection 390 9.1 Introduction 391 9.2 Querying an Array of int Values Using LINQ 392 9.3 Querying an Array of Employee Objects Using LINQ 396 9.4 Introduction to Collections 401 9.5 Querying a Generic Collection Using LINQ 404 9.6 Wrap-Up 406 9.7 Deitel LINQ Resource Center 406 10 Classes and Objects: A Deeper Look 410 10.1 Introduction 411 10.2 Time Class Case Study 411 10.3 Controlling Access to Members 415 10.4 Referring to the Current Object’s Members with the this Reference 416 10.5 Time Class Case Study: Overloaded Constructors 418 10.6 Default and Parameterless Constructors 424 10.7 Composition 425 10.8 Garbage Collection and Destructors 428 10.9 static Class Members 429 10.10 readonly Instance Variables 432 10.11 Data Abstraction and Encapsulation 433 10.12 Class View and Object Browser 435 10.13 Object Initializers 437 10.14 Wrap-Up 437 11 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance 444 11.1 Introduction 445 11.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes 446 11.3 protected Members 448 11.4 Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes 449 11.4.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class 449 11.4.2 Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class without Using Inheritance 454 11.4.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy 459 11.4.4 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Instance Variables 462 11.4.5 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Instance Variables 467 11.5 Constructors in Derived Classes 472 11.6 Software Engineering with Inheritance 473 11.7 Class object 473 11.8 Wrap-Up 474 12 OOP: Polymorphism, Interfaces and Operator Overloading 480 12.1 Introduction 481 12.2 Polymorphism Examples 483 12.3 Demonstrating Polymorphic Behavior 484 12.4 Abstract Classes and Methods 487 12.5 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 489 12.5.1 Creating Abstract Base Class Employee 490 12.5.2 Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee 492 12.5.3 Creating Concrete Derived Class HourlyEmployee 494 12.5.4 Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee 496 12.5.5 Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee 497 12.5.6 Polymorphic Processing, Operator is and Downcasting 499 12.5.7 Summary of the Allowed Assignments Between Base-Class and Derived-Class Variables 504 12.6 sealed Methods and Classes 505 12.7 Case Study: Creating and Using Interfaces 505 12.7.1 Developing an IPayable Hierarchy 507 12.7.2 Declaring Interface IPayable 508 12.7.3 Creating Class Invoice 508 12.7.4 Modifying Class Employee to Implement Interface IPayable 510 12.7.5 Modifying Class SalariedEmployee for Use with IPayable 512 12.7.6 Using Interface IPayable to Process Invoices and Employees Polymorphically 513 12.7.7 Common Interfaces of the .NET Framework Class Library 515 12.8 Operator Overloading 516 12.9 Wrap-Up 519 13 Exception Handling: A Deeper Look 525 13.1 Introduction 526 13.2 Example: Divide by Zero without Exception Handling 527 13.3 Example: Handling DivideByZeroExceptions and FormatExceptions 530 13.3.1 Enclosing Code in a try Block 532 13.3.2 Catching Exceptions 532 13.3.3 Uncaught Exceptions 533 13.3.4 Termination Model of Exception Handling 534 13.3.5 Flow of Control When Exceptions Occur 534 13.4 .NET Exception Hierarchy 535 13.4.1 Class SystemException 535 13.4.2 Determining Which Exceptions a Method Throws 536 13.5 finally Block 536 13.6 The using Statement 543 13.7 Exception Properties 544 13.8 User-Defined Exception Classes 548 13.9 Wrap-Up 552 14 Graphical User Interfaces with Windows Forms: Part 1 557 14.1 Introduction 558 14.2 Windows Forms 559 14.3 Event Handling 561 14.3.1 A Simple Event-Driven GUI 561 14.3.2 Auto-Generated GUI Code 563 14.3.3 Delegates and the Event-Handling Mechanism 565 14.3.4 Another Way to Create Event Handlers 566 14.3.5 Locating Event Information 567 14.4 Control Properties and Layout 568 14.5 Labels, TextBoxes and Buttons 572 14.6 GroupBoxes and Panels 575 14.7 CheckBoxes and RadioButtons 578 14.8 PictureBoxes 586 14.9 ToolTips 588 14.10 NumericUpDown Control 590 14.11 Mouse-Event Handling 592 14.12 Keyboard-Event Handling 595 14.13 Wrap-Up 598 15 Graphical User Interfaces with Windows Forms: Part 2 608 15.1 Introduction 609 15.2 Menus 609 15.3 MonthCalendar Control 618 15.4 DateTimePicker Control 619 15.5 LinkLabel Control 622 15.6 ListBox Control 626 15.7 CheckedListBox Control 630 15.8 ComboBox Control 633 15.9 TreeView Control 637 15.10 ListView Control 642 15.11 TabControl Control 648 15.12 Multiple Document Interface (MDI) Windows 653 15.13 Visual Inheritance 660 15.14 User-Defined Controls 665 15.15 Wrap-Up 669 16 Strings and Characters: A Deeper Look 677 16.1 Introduction 678 16.2 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings 679 16.3 string Constructors 680 16.4 string Indexer, Length Property and CopyTo Method 681 16.5 Comparing strings 682 16.6 Locating Characters and Substrings in strings 685 16.7 Extracting Substrings from strings 688 16.8 Concatenating strings 689 16.9 Miscellaneous string Methods 690 16.10 Class StringBuilder 691 16.11 Length and Capacity Properties, EnsureCapacity Method and Indexer of Class StringBuilder 692 16.12 Append and AppendFormat Methods of Class StringBuilder 694 16.13 Insert, Remove and Replace Methods of Class StringBuilder 696 16.14 Char Methods 699 16.15 (Online) Introduction to Regular Expressions 701 16.16 Wrap-Up 702 17 Files and Streams 708 17.1 Introduction 709 17.2 Data Hierarchy 709 17.3 Files and Streams 711 17.4 Classes File and Directory 712 17.5 Creating a Sequential-Access Text 721 17.6 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access Text File 730 17.7 Case Study: Credit Inquiry Program 734 17.8 Serialization 740 17.9 Creating a Sequential-Access File Using Object Serialization 741 17.10 Reading and Deserializing Data from a Binary File 745 17.11 Wrap-Up 747 18 Searching and Sorting 754 18.1 Introduction 755 18.2 Searching Algorithms 756 18.2.1 Linear Search 756 18.2.2 Binary Search 760 18.3 Sorting Algorithms 765 18.3.1 Selection Sort 765 18.3.2 Insertion Sort 769 18.3.3 Merge Sort 773 18.4 Summary of the Efficiency of Searching and Sorting Algorithms 779 18.5 Wrap-Up 780 19 Data Structures 785 19.1 Introduction 786 19.2 Simple-Type structs, Boxing and Unboxing 786 19.3 Self-Referential Classes 787 19.4 Linked Lists 788 19.5 Stacks 801 19.6 Queues 805 19.7 Trees 808 19.7.1 Binary Search Tree of Integer Values 809 19.7.2 Binary Search Tree of IComparable Objects 816 19.8 Wrap-Up 821 20 Generics 828 20.1 Introduction 829 20.2 Motivation for Generic Methods 830 20.3 Generic-Method Implementation 832 20.4 Type Constraints 835 20.5 Overloading Generic Methods 837 20.6 Generic Classes 838 20.7 Wrap-Up 847 21 Collections 853 21.1 Introduction 854 21.2 Collections Overview 854 21.3 Class Array and Enumerators 857 21.4 Nongeneric Collections 860 21.4.1 Class ArrayList 860 21.4.2 Class Stack 865 21.4.3 Class Hashtable 867 21.5 Generic Collections 872 21.5.1 Generic Class SortedDictionary 873 21.5.2 Generic Class LinkedList 875 21.6 Covariance and Contravariance for Generic Types 879 21.7 Wrap-Up 882 22 Databases and LINQ 888 22.1 Introduction 889 22.2 Relational Databases 890 22.3 A Books Database 891 22.4 LINQ to Entities and the ADO.NET Entity Framework 895 22.5 Querying a Database with LINQ 896 22.5.1 Creating the ADO.NET Entity Data Model Class Library 897 22.5.2 Creating a Windows Forms Project and Configuring It to Use the Entity Data Model 901 22.5.3 Data Bindings Between Controls and the Entity Data Model 903 22.6 Dynamically Binding Query Results 908 22.6.1 Creating the Display Query Results GUI 909 22.6.2 Coding the Display Query Results App 910 22.7 Retrieving Data from Multiple Tables with LINQ 913 22.8 Creating a Master/Detail View App 918 22.8.1 Creating the Master/Detail GUI 919 22.8.2 Coding the Master/Detail App 920 22.9 Address Book Case Study 922 22.9.1 Creating the Address Book App’s GUI 923 22.9.2 Coding the Address Book App 924 22.10 Tools and Web Resources 928 22.11 Wrap-Up 928 23 Web App Development with ASP.NET 936 23.1 Introduction 937 23.2 Web Basics 938 23.3 Multitier App Architecture 939 23.4 Your First Web App 941 23.4.1 Building the WebTime App 943 23.4.2 Examining WebTime.aspx’s Code-Behind File 952 23.5 Standard Web Controls: Designing a Form 953 23.6 Validation Controls 957 23.7 Session Tracking 964 23.7.1 Cookies 965 23.7.2 Session Tracking with HttpSessionState 966 23.7.3 Options.aspx: Selecting a Programming Language 967 23.7.4 Recommendations.aspx: Displaying Recommendations Based on Session Values 971 23.8 Case Study: Database-Driven ASP.NET Guestbook 972 23.8.1 Building a Web Form that Displays Data from a Database 974 23.8.2 Modifying the Code-Behind File for the Guestbook App 979 23.9 Online Case Study: ASP.NET AJAX 980 23.10 Online Case Study: Password-Protected Books Database App 981 23.11 Wrap-Up 981 Chapters on the Web 988 A: Operator Precedence Chart 989 B: Simple Types 991 C: ASCII Character Set 993 Appendices on the Web 994 Index 996 A 996 B 997 C 998 D 1001 E 1002 F 1003 G 1004 H 1005 I 1005 J 1006 K 1006 L 1007 M 1008 N 1009 O 1010 P 1011 Q 1012 R 1012 S 1013 T 1016 U 1017 V 1017 W 1018 X 1018 Y 1018 Z 1018 VISUAL C# 2012 HOW TO PROGRAM Table of Contents 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and Visual C#2 Dive Into (R) Visual Studio3 Introduction to C# Apps 4 Introduction to Classes, Objects, Methods and Strings 5 Control Statements: Part 1 6 Control Statements: Part 2 7 Methods: A Deeper Look 8 Arrays Introduction to Exception Handling 9 Introduction to LINQ and the List Collection 10 Classes and Objects: A Deeper Look 11 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance 12 OOP: Polymorphism, Interfaces and Operator Overloading 13 Exception Handling: A Deeper Look 14 Graphical User Interfaces with Windows Forms: Part 1 15 Graphical User Interfaces with Windows Forms: Part 2 16 Strings and Characters 17 Files and Streams 18 Databases and LINQ 19 Web App Development with ASP.NET 20 Searching and Sorting 21 Data Structures 22 Generics 23 Collections 24 Windows 8 UI25 Windows 8 Graphics and Multimedia A Operator Precedence Chart B Simple Types C ASCII Character Set Index ONLINE CHAPTERS AND APPENDICES26 Windows Phone 8 Case Study 27 Windows Azure Cloud Computing Case Study 28 Introduction to Concurrency: async and await29 XML and LINQ to XML30 Web App Development with ASP.NET: A Deeper Look 31 Web Services 32 GUI with Windows Presentation Foundation 33 WPF Graphics and Multimedia 34 ATM Case Study, Part 1: Object-Oriented Design with the UML 35 ATM Case Study, Part 2: Implementing an Object-Oriented Design D Number Systems E UML 2: Additional Diagram Types F Unicode (R) G Using the Visual Studio Debugger Appropriate for all basic-to-intermediate level courses in Visual C# 2012 programming. Created by world-renowned programming instructors Paul and Harvey Deitel, Visual C# 2012 How to Program, Fifth Edition introduces all facets of the C# 2012 language hands-on, through hundreds of working programs. This book has been thoroughly updated to reflect the major innovations Microsoft has incorporated in Visual C# 2012; all discussions and sample code have been carefully audited against the newest Visual C# language specification. Students begin by getting comfortable with the C# Express 2012 IDE and basic Visual C# syntax. Next, they build their skills one step at a time, mastering control structures, classes, objects, methods, variables, arrays, and the core techniques of object-oriented programming. With this strong foundation in place, the Deitels introduce more sophisticated techniques, including searching, sorting, data structures, generics, and collections. Throughout, the authors show students how to make the most of Microsofts Visual Studio tools. A series of appendices provide essential programming reference material.