Vertebrate Life (9th Edition)

Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 3 About the Authors......Page 4 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 14 PART I: Vertebrate Diversity, Function, and Evolution......Page 16 1.1 The Vertebrate Story......Page 17 1.3 Phylogenetic Systematics......Page 23 1.4 The Problem with Fossils: Crown and Stem Groups......Page 26 1.5 Evolutionary Hypotheses......Page 27 1.6 Earth History and Vertebrate Evolution......Page 30 Discussion Questions......Page 31 Additional Information......Page 32 2.1 Vertebrates in Relation to Other Animals......Page 34 2.2 Definition of a Vertebrate......Page 39 2.3 Basic Vertebrate Structure......Page 40 Discussion Questions......Page 60 Additional Information......Page 61 3.1 Reconstructing the Biology of the Earliest Vertebrates......Page 62 3.2 Extant Jawless Fishes......Page 65 3.3 The Importance of Extant Jawless Vertebrates in Understanding Ancient Vertebrates......Page 71 3.5 The Basic Gnathostome Body Plan......Page 72 3.6 The Transition from Jawless to Jawed Vertebrates......Page 77 3.7 Extinct Paleozoic Jawed Fishes......Page 81 Summary......Page 83 Additional Information......Page 84 PART II: Non-Amniotic Vertebrates: Fishes and Amphibians......Page 86 4.1 The Aquatic Environment......Page 87 4.2 Water and the Sensory World of Fishes......Page 92 4.4 Exchange of Water and Ions......Page 99 4.5 Responses to Temperature......Page 105 4.6 Body Size and Surface/Volume Ratio......Page 109 Summary......Page 111 Additional Information......Page 112 5.1 Chondrichthyes—The Cartilaginous Fishes......Page 114 5.3 The Paleozoic Chondrichthyan Radiation......Page 117 5.4 The Early Mesozoic Elasmobranch Radiation......Page 120 5.5 Extant Lineages of Elasmobranchs......Page 121 5.6 Batoidea: Skates and Rays......Page 131 5.7 Holocephali—The Little Known Chondrichthyans......Page 133 Discussion Questions......Page 134 Additional Information......Page 136 6.1 The Origin of Bony Fishes......Page 137 6.2 Evolution of the Actinopterygii......Page 141 6.3 Extant Actinopterygii—Ray-Finned Fishes......Page 146 6.4 Locomotion in Water......Page 152 6.5 Actinopterygian Reproduction......Page 156 6.6 The Adaptable Fishes—Teleosts in Contrasting Environments......Page 162 6.7 Conservation of Fishes......Page 165 6.8 Sarcopterygii—The Lobe-Finned Fishes......Page 168 Discussion Questions......Page 171 Additional Information......Page 172 7.1 Earth History, Changing Environments, and Vertebrate Evolution......Page 173 7.2 Continental Geography of the Paleozoic......Page 174 7.3 Paleozoic Climates......Page 177 7.4 Paleozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems......Page 178 7.5 Paleozoic Extinctions......Page 180 Additional Information......Page 181 8.1 Support and Locomotion on Land......Page 182 8.2 Eating on Land......Page 190 8.5 Pumping Blood Uphill......Page 193 8.6 Sensory Systems in Air......Page 197 8.8 Controlling Body Temperature in a Changing Environment......Page 199 Summary......Page 202 Additional Information......Page 203 9.1 Tetrapod Origins......Page 204 9.2 Radiation and Diversity of Non-Amniotic Paleozoic Tetrapods......Page 212 9.3 Amniotes......Page 216 Summary......Page 223 Additional Information......Page 224 10.1 Amphibians......Page 226 10.2 Diversity of Life Histories of Amphibians......Page 237 10.3 Amphibian Metamorphosis......Page 252 10.4 Exchange of Water and Gases......Page 253 10.5 Poison Glands and Other Defense Mechanisms......Page 258 10.7 Why Are Amphibians Vanishing?......Page 261 Discussion Questions......Page 265 Additional Information......Page 266 PART III: Sauropsida: Turtles, Lepidosaurs, and Archosaurs......Page 268 11 Synapsids and Sauropsids: Two Approaches to Terrestrial Life......Page 269 11.1 Taking Advantage of the Opportunity for Sustained Locomotion......Page 270 11.2 Increasing Gas Exchange: The Trachea and Lungs......Page 274 11.3 Transporting Oxygen to the Muscles: Structure of the Heart......Page 280 11.4 Taking Advantage of Wasted Energy: Endothermy......Page 281 11.5 Getting Rid of Wastes: The Kidneys and Bladder......Page 286 11.6 Sensing and Making Sense of the World: Eyes, Ears, Tongues, Noses, and Brains......Page 296 Discussion Questions......Page 299 Additional Information......Page 300 12.1 Everyone Recognizes a Turtle......Page 302 12.2 But What Is a Turtle? Phylogenetic Relationships of Turtles......Page 305 12.3 Turtle Structure and Function......Page 306 12.4 Ecology and Behavior of Turtles......Page 313 12.5 Reproductive Biology of Turtles......Page 315 12.6 Hatching and the Behavior of Baby Turtles......Page 317 12.7 Conservation of Turtles......Page 321 Summary......Page 322 Additional Information......Page 323 13.1 The Lepidosaurs......Page 325 13.2 Radiation of Sphenodontids and the Biology of Tuatara......Page 326 13.3 Radiation of Squamates......Page 327 13.4 Ecology and Behavior of Squamates......Page 336 13.5 Behavioral Control of Body Temperatures by Ectotherms......Page 353 13.6 Temperature and Ecology of Squamates......Page 357 Summary......Page 361 Additional Information......Page 362 14.1 Vertebrates and Their Environments......Page 364 14.2 Dealing with Dryness—Ectotherms in Deserts......Page 365 14.3 Coping with Cold—Ectotherms in Subzero Conditions......Page 371 14.4 The Role of Ectothermic Tetrapods in Terrestrial Ecosystems......Page 374 Discussion Questions......Page 377 Additional Information......Page 378 15 Geography and Ecology of the Mesozoic Era......Page 379 15.2 Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems......Page 380 15.3 Mesozoic Climates......Page 383 15.4 Mesozoic Extinctions......Page 384 Additional Information......Page 385 16.1 The Mesozoic Fauna......Page 386 16.3 Marine Lineages......Page 387 16.4 Semiaquatic and Terrestrial Diapsids: Crocodylomorpha......Page 394 16.5 The First Evolution of Flight: Pterosauria......Page 397 16.6 Dinosaurs......Page 399 16.7 Terrestrial Herbivores: Ornithischian and Sauropod Saurischian Dinosaurs......Page 403 16.8 Terrestrial Carnivores: Theropod Dinosaurs......Page 412 16.9 The Second Evolution of Flight: Birds......Page 416 Discussion Questions......Page 419 Additional Information......Page 420 17.1 Early Birds and Extant Birds......Page 422 17.2 The Structure of Birds......Page 425 17.3 Wings and Flight......Page 430 17.4 The Hindlimbs......Page 437 17.5 Feeding and Digestion......Page 440 17.6 Sensory Systems......Page 444 17.7 Social Behavior......Page 447 17.8 Mating Systems......Page 449 17.9 Oviparity......Page 450 17.10 Nests......Page 452 17.11 Orientation and Navigation......Page 455 17.12 Migration......Page 456 Summary......Page 459 Additional Information......Page 460 PART IV: Synapsida: The Mammals......Page 462 18.1 The Origin of Synapsids......Page 463 18.2 Diversity of Nonmammalian Synapsids......Page 465 18.3 Evolutionary Trends in Synapsids......Page 470 18.4 The First Mammals......Page 477 18.5 The Radiation of Mesozoic Mammals......Page 481 Summary......Page 483 Additional Information......Page 484 19 Geography and Ecology of the Cenozoic Era......Page 486 19.1 Cenozoic Continental Geography......Page 487 19.2 Cenozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems......Page 488 19.3 Cenozoic Climates......Page 490 19.4 Cenozoic Extinctions......Page 492 Additional Information......Page 493 20.1 Major Lineages of Mammals......Page 495 20.2 Mammalian Ordinal Diversity......Page 496 20.3 Features Shared by All Mammals......Page 503 20.4 Features That Differ Among Mammalian Groups......Page 515 20.5 Cenozoic Mammal Evolution......Page 518 Additional Information......Page 526 21.1 Mammalian Reproduction......Page 528 21.2 Some Extreme Placental Mammal Reproductive Specializations......Page 533 21.3 Are Placental Mammals Reproductively Superior to Marsupials?......Page 534 21.4 Specializations for Feeding......Page 535 21.5 Locomotor Specializations......Page 542 21.6 Evolution of Aquatic Mammals......Page 545 Discussion Questions......Page 550 Additional Information......Page 551 22.1 Endothermic Thermoregulation......Page 552 22.2 Endotherms in the Cold......Page 555 22.3 Avoiding Cold and Sharing Heat......Page 556 22.4 Facultative Heterothermy......Page 558 22.5 Migration to Avoid Cold......Page 562 22.6 Endotherms in the Heat......Page 564 Discussion Questions......Page 572 Additional Information......Page 573 23.1 Social Behavior......Page 574 23.2 Population Structure and the Distribution of Resources......Page 575 23.3 Advantages of Sociality......Page 579 23.4 Body Size, Diet, and the Structure of Social Systems......Page 580 23.5 Horns and Antlers......Page 585 23.6 Primate Societies......Page 588 Additional Information......Page 594 24.1 Primate Origins and Diversification......Page 596 24.2 Origin and Evolution of the Hominoidea......Page 605 24.3 Origin and Evolution of Humans......Page 609 24.4 Derived Hominins (the Genus Homo)......Page 615 24.5 Evolution of Human Characteristics......Page 620 24.6 How Many Species of Humans Were Contemporaneous?......Page 625 Discussion Questions......Page 626 Additional Information......Page 627 25 The Impact of Humans on Other Species of Vertebrates......Page 629 25.1 Humans and the Pleistocene Extinctions......Page 630 25.2 Humans and Recent Extinctions......Page 632 25.3 Global Climate Change and Vertebrates......Page 635 25.4 Organismal Biology and Conservation......Page 639 25.5 Captive Breeding......Page 643 25.6 The Paradoxes of Conservation......Page 646 Summary......Page 647 Additional Information......Page 648 Appendix......Page 650 A......Page 672 B......Page 673 C......Page 674 D......Page 675 E......Page 676 H......Page 677 I......Page 678 M......Page 679 P......Page 680 S......Page 682 V......Page 684 Z......Page 685 Credits......Page 686 A......Page 694 B......Page 696 C......Page 697 D......Page 700 E......Page 701 F......Page 703 H......Page 704 K......Page 706 L......Page 707 M......Page 708 O......Page 710 P......Page 711 R......Page 713 S......Page 714 T......Page 717 V......Page 719 Z......Page 720 Widely praised for its comprehensive coverage and exceptionally clear writing style, this text explores how the anatomy, physiology, ecology, and behaviour of animals interact to produce organisms that function effectively in their environments and how lineages of organisms change through evolutionary time Praised for its comprehensive coverage and clear writing style, this textbook explores how the anatomy, physiology, ecology, and behaviour of animals interact to produce organisms that function effectively in their environments and how lineages of organisms change through evolutionary time