Urolithiasis In Clinical Practice (paperback)

This book serves as a concise guide to urinary stone disease, providing simplified and complete information about the topic area. Various surgical techniques are provided and accompanied by first-hand accounts, to give insight into the operating room. The book is a quick reference guide and is relevant to both trainees and professionals. Written by a leading expert in the field, this book brings together years of experience and contains essential information on all aspects of lithology. The book covers all treatment options so that the best possible methods can be chosen for each patient. Urinary stone disease is a widespread ailment and updated information about it is permanently needed by trainees and professionals. In Memoriam 6 Foreword 8 Preface 10 Acknowledgements 12 Contents 13 Abbreviations 17 Chapter 1: Introduction 20 References 22 Chapter 2: History of Stone Disease 23 References 33 Chapter 3: Epidemiology of Urinary Stones 36 References 41 Chapter 4: Stone Composition 43 4.1 Stone Components 43 4.2 Stone Subtypes and Associated Common Causes 48 4.3 Methods to Determine the Stone Composition 49 4.4 Statistics in Stone Composition 56 4.5 Geographic Variations of Stone Composition 58 4.6 Changes in Community Stone Composition Over Time 58 References 59 Chapter 5: Lithogenesis 62 5.1 Mechanisms of Stone Formation 62 5.2 Randall’s Plaques 64 5.3 The Free or Fixed Particle Theory 66 5.4 Further Hypothesis 69 References 70 Chapter 6: Etiology of Urolithiasis 72 6.1 Genetic Predispositions 73 6.1.1 Dysmetabolism 74 6.1.1.1 Hypercalciuria 76 6.1.1.2 Hypocitraturia 77 6.1.1.3 Hyperuricosuria 78 6.1.1.4 Renal Tubular Acidosis 80 6.1.2 Cystinuria 80 6.1.3 Hyperoxaluria (HO) 83 6.1.4 Other Monogenic Hereditary Disorders Associated with Nephrolithiasis 87 6.2 Urinary Infections 89 6.3 Impaired Drainage 90 6.4 Post Bariatric Surgery 103 6.5 Foreign Bodies 103 6.6 Drugs 106 6.7 Renal Matrix Stones 108 6.8 Gas-Containing Renal Stones 109 6.9 Fetal Origin Hypothesis 111 6.10 Diseases and Syndromes Associated with Renal Stones 111 6.11 Other Factors 113 References 114 Chapter 7: Symptomatology and Signs of Urinary Stones 127 7.1 Presenting Symptoms 127 7.2 Calculating the Probability of Renal Stone Symptoms Recurrence 132 References 132 Chapter 8: Complications of Urolithiasis 134 References 140 Chapter 9: Investigations of Urinary Lithiasis 143 9.1 Diagnosis of a Urinary Stone 143 9.1.1 Kidney-Ureter-Bladder (KUB) Plain X-ray 143 9.1.2 Intra-venous Urography or Pyelography (IVU or IVP) 146 9.1.3 Ultrasonography (U/S) KUB 147 9.1.4 Plain Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan KUB 148 9.2 Investigations of the Cause 151 9.2.1 Metabolic Abnormalities 154 9.2.2 Crystalluria 156 9.2.3 Anatomical or Structural Abnormalities 158 9.3 Investigations of the Aftermath of Urolithiasis 162 9.3.1 Laboratory 163 9.3.2 Isotope Renogram Tests 164 9.3.3 Retrograde Pyelography 165 References 165 Chapter 10: Differential Diagnosis of Urolithiasis 170 References 184 Chapter 11: Treatment of Urolithiasis 187 11.1 Management of Incidentally Discovered Urinary Stones (Non-obstructive and Asymptomatic) 187 11.2 Treatment of a Painful Episode of the Stone Disease 189 11.2.1 Symptomatic Treatment 189 11.2.2 Medical Expulsive Therapy 189 11.2.3 Management of an Obstructed Kidney with Sepsis 191 11.3 Direct Treatment of the Urinary Stone 193 11.3.1 Extracorporeal ShockWave Lithotripsy (ESWL) 194 11.3.1.1 History 194 11.3.1.2 Mechanisms of Action 197 11.3.1.3 Indications and Limitations of ESWL 198 11.3.1.4 Contraindications 199 11.3.1.5 Complications 200 11.3.1.6 Success Rate of ESWL 202 11.3.1.7 Factors Influencing the Outcome of ESWL Treatment 202 11.3.1.8 Patient’s Satisfaction 203 11.3.1.9 Place of a DJ Stent in the ESWL 203 11.3.2 Antegrade Stone Chemolysis (Percutaneous Irrigation Chemolysis) 204 11.3.3 Ureteroscopy 206 11.3.3.1 History 206 11.3.3.2 Indications 207 11.3.3.3 Technique of Ureteroscope Insertion 207 11.3.3.4 Energy Sources 213 11.3.3.5 Technique for Stone Ablation Using a Holmium Laser and Stone Fragments Retrieval 219 11.3.3.6 Safety Measures When a Mucosal Injury Occurs 219 11.3.3.7 Controversies About the Use of Ureteral Access Sheaths (UAS) in RIRS 219 11.3.3.8 Results 221 11.3.3.9 The Need for DJ Stenting After Ureteroscopy (URS) 223 11.3.3.10 RIRS vs PCNL 223 11.3.3.11 RIRS Combined with PCNL 224 11.3.3.12 The Future of Ureteroscopy 225 11.3.4 PCNL 225 11.3.4.1 History 225 11.3.4.2 Indications 225 11.3.4.3 Contraindications 226 11.3.4.4 Surgical Technique 227 11.3.4.5 Complications 233 11.3.5 Cystolitholapaxy 234 11.3.6 Percutaneous Cystolithotomy 237 11.3.7 Laparoscopic Pyelolithotomy (LP) 238 11.3.7.1 Indications 238 11.3.7.2 Surgical Technique 239 11.3.7.3 Results 240 11.3.8 Robot-Assisted Anatrophic Nephrolithotomy 240 11.3.9 Laparoscopic Ureterolithotomy (LU) 240 11.3.10 Surgery for Urethral Stones 242 11.3.11 Open Procedures 242 11.3.11.1 Open Pyelolithotomy and Open Anatrophic Nephrolithotomy (OAN) 243 11.3.11.2 Open Ureterolithotomy 246 11.3.11.3 Open Cystolithotomy 246 11.3.11.4 Urethrolithotomy 248 11.4 Specific Dietary and Medical Treatment of Stones 248 11.4.1 Fluid Intake 248 11.4.2 Medical and Dietary Measures 248 11.4.2.1 Calcium Stone Associated with Idiopathic Hypercalciuria 250 11.4.2.2 Calcium Oxalate Stone Associated with Hypocitraturia 250 11.4.2.3 Hyperoxaluria 251 a. Primary Hyperoxaluria (PH) 251 b. Secondary Hyperoxaluria 253 11.4.2.4 Calcium Oxalate (CaOx) Stone and Hyperuricosuria 255 11.4.2.5 Calcium Phosphate (CaP) Stones 255 11.4.2.6 Uric Acid (UA) Stones 256 11.4.2.7 Cystine Stones 256 11.4.2.8 Struvite Stones 258 11.4.2.9 Summary of the Dietary and Medical Therapies 259 11.5 Herbal Medicines 261 11.6 An Eye on the Future 269 References 270 Chapter 12: Special Conditions in Urinary Lithiasis 290 12.1 Management of Urinary Stones in Pregnancy 290 12.2 Management of Urolithiasis in Children 293 12.3 Stones in Renal Transplant 299 References 301 Index 306 Front Matter ....Pages i-xxi Introduction (Said Abdallah Al-Mamari)....Pages 1-3 History of Stone Disease (Said Abdallah Al-Mamari)....Pages 5-17 Epidemiology of Urinary Stones (Said Abdallah Al-Mamari)....Pages 19-25 Stone Composition (Said Abdallah Al-Mamari)....Pages 27-45 Lithogenesis (Said Abdallah Al-Mamari)....Pages 47-56 Etiology of Urolithiasis (Said Abdallah Al-Mamari)....Pages 57-111 Symptomatology and Signs of Urinary Stones (Said Abdallah Al-Mamari)....Pages 113-119 Complications of Urolithiasis (Said Abdallah Al-Mamari)....Pages 121-129 Investigations of Urinary Lithiasis (Said Abdallah Al-Mamari)....Pages 131-157 Differential Diagnosis of Urolithiasis (Said Abdallah Al-Mamari)....Pages 159-175 Treatment of Urolithiasis (Said Abdallah Al-Mamari)....Pages 177-279 Special Conditions in Urinary Lithiasis (Said Abdallah Al-Mamari)....Pages 281-296 Back Matter ....Pages 297-300