Unix and Linux: Visual QuickStart Guide (4th Edition)

With Unix, 4th Edition: Visual QuickStart Guide, readers can start from the beginning to get a tour of the Unix operating system, or look up specific tasks to learn just what they need to know. This task-based, visual reference guide uses step-by-step instructions and plenty of screenshots, and includes three years worth of new material based on the latest Unix developments. This reference guide details all Unix commands and options along with tips that put those commands in context. Leading Unix authorities Deborah S. Ray and Eric J. Ray leverage their expertise as technical writers and working in the industry (Sun Microsystems) as they take readers step-by-step through the most common Unix commands and options. Cover......Page 1 Table of Contents......Page 6 Introduction......Page 12 Chapter 1: Getting Started with Unix......Page 16 Accessing a Unix System......Page 18 Connecting to the Unix System......Page 22 Logging In......Page 25 Changing Your Password with passwd......Page 26 Listing Directories and Files with ls......Page 28 Changing Directories with cd......Page 30 Finding Yourself with pwd......Page 32 Piping Input and Output......Page 33 Redirecting Output......Page 34 Using Wildcards......Page 36 Viewing File Contents with more......Page 37 Displaying File Contents with cat......Page 38 Exploring the System......Page 40 Getting Help with man......Page 41 Logging Out......Page 43 Chapter 2: Using Directories and Files......Page 44 Creating Directories with mkdir......Page 45 Creating Files with touch......Page 47 Copying Directories and Files with cp......Page 49 Listing Directories and Files with ls (More Goodies)......Page 51 Moving Files with mv......Page 53 Removing Files with rm......Page 54 Removing Directories with rmdir......Page 57 Finding Forgotten Files with find......Page 59 Locating Lost Files with locate......Page 61 Linking with ln (Hard Links)......Page 62 Linking with ln -s (Soft Links)......Page 64 Chapter 3: Working with Your Shell......Page 66 Discovering Which Shell You’re Using......Page 67 Understanding Shells and Options......Page 68 Changing Your Shell with chsh......Page 70 Changing Your Shell Temporarily......Page 72 Using Completion in the bash Shell......Page 74 Viewing Session History in the bash Shell......Page 75 Using Completion in the zsh Shell......Page 77 Viewing Session History in the zsh Shell......Page 78 Changing Your Identity with su......Page 80 Fixing Terminal Settings with stty......Page 82 Exiting the Shell......Page 83 Chapter 4: Creating and Editing Files......Page 84 Choosing an Editor......Page 85 Starting pico and Dabbling with It......Page 88 Saving in pico......Page 89 Cutting and Pasting Text Blocks in pico......Page 90 Checking Spelling in pico......Page 91 Getting Help in pico......Page 92 Exiting pico......Page 93 Starting vi and Dabbling with It......Page 94 Saving in vi......Page 96 Adding and Deleting Text in vi......Page 97 Importing Files into vi......Page 98 Searching and Replacing in vi......Page 99 Exiting vi......Page 101 Starting emacs and Dabbling with It......Page 102 Using emacs Menus to Spell-Check......Page 104 Saving in emacs......Page 105 Exiting emacs......Page 106 Chapter 5: Controlling Ownership and Permissions......Page 108 Understanding File Ownership and Permissions......Page 109 Finding Out Who Owns What......Page 110 Finding Out Which Group You’re In......Page 112 Changing the Group Association of Files and Directories with chgrp......Page 114 Changing Ownership of Files and Directories with chown......Page 116 Changing Permissions with chmod......Page 118 Translating Mnemonic Permissions to Numeric Permissions......Page 121 Changing Permission Defaults with umask......Page 122 Chapter 6: Manipulating Files......Page 124 Counting Files and Their Contents with wc......Page 125 Viewing File Beginnings with head......Page 126 Viewing File Endings with tail......Page 127 Finding Text with grep......Page 128 Using Regular Expressions with grep......Page 129 Using Other Examples of Regular Expressions......Page 131 Making Global Changes with sed......Page 132 Changing Files with awk......Page 133 Comparing Files with cmp......Page 135 Finding Differences in Files with diff......Page 136 Finding Differences in Files with sdiff......Page 137 Sorting Files with sort......Page 138 Eliminating Duplicates with uniq......Page 140 Redirecting to Multiple Locations with tee......Page 141 Changing with tr......Page 142 Formatting with fmt......Page 144 Splitting Files with split......Page 146 Chapter 7: Getting Information About the System......Page 148 Getting System Information with uname......Page 149 Viewing File Systems with df......Page 150 Determining Disk Usage with du......Page 153 Finding Out File Types with file......Page 154 Finding Out About Users with finger......Page 155 Learning Who Else Is Logged in with who......Page 158 Learning Who Else Is Logged in with w......Page 159 Getting Information About Your Userid with id......Page 161 Chapter 8: Configuring Your Unix Environment......Page 162 Understanding Your Unix Environment......Page 163 Discovering Your Current Environment......Page 165 Adding or Changing Variables......Page 167 Looking at Your zsh Configuration Files......Page 169 Adding to Your zsh Path......Page 173 Changing Your zsh Prompt......Page 175 Looking at Your bash Configuration Files......Page 178 Adding to Your bash Path......Page 181 Changing Your bash Prompt......Page 183 Setting Aliases with alias......Page 185 Chapter 9: Running Scripts and Programs......Page 188 Running a Command......Page 189 Scheduling Onetime Jobs with at......Page 190 Scheduling Regularly Occurring Jobs with cron......Page 193 Suspending Jobs......Page 195 Checking Job Status with jobs......Page 196 Running Jobs in the Background with bg......Page 197 Running Jobs in the Foreground with fg......Page 198 Controlling Job Priority with nice......Page 199 Timing Jobs with time......Page 200 Finding Out What Processes Are Running with ps......Page 202 Deleting Processes with kill......Page 204 Chapter 10: Writing Basic Scripts......Page 206 Creating a Shell Script......Page 207 Running a Shell Script......Page 209 Making a Script Executable......Page 210 Getting a Head Start on Scripts with history......Page 212 Embedding Commands......Page 213 Looping Your Scripts......Page 215 Creating If-Then Statements......Page 217 Accepting Command-Line Arguments in Your Scripts......Page 220 Accepting Input While a Script Is Running......Page 221 Debugging Scripts......Page 223 Chapter 11: Sending and Reading E-mail......Page 224 Choosing an E-mail Program and Getting Started......Page 225 Reading E-mail with pine......Page 227 Sending E-mail with pine......Page 229 Customizing pine......Page 231 Reading E-mail with mutt......Page 233 Sending E-mail with mutt......Page 235 Reading E-mail with mail......Page 237 Sending E-mail with mail......Page 238 Creating a Signature File......Page 240 Automatically Forwarding Incoming Messages......Page 242 Announcing an Absence with vacation......Page 243 Configuring procmail......Page 245 Managing E-mail with procmail......Page 247 Chapter 12: Accessing the Internet......Page 250 Getting Familiar with Unix Internet Lingo......Page 251 Logging in to Remote Systems with ssh......Page 253 Logging in to Remote Systems with telnet......Page 254 Communicating with Others Using write......Page 256 Communicating with Others Using talk......Page 257 Getting Files from the Internet with ftp......Page 258 Sharing Files on the Internet with ftp......Page 262 Surfing the Web with links......Page 264 Surfing the Web with lynx......Page 266 Downloading Web Sites with wget......Page 268 Checking Connections with ping......Page 269 Tracing Connections with traceroute......Page 270 Matching Domain Names with IP Addresses......Page 272 Chapter 13: Working with Encoded and Compressed Files......Page 274 Encoding Files with uuencode......Page 275 Decoding Files with uudecode......Page 278 Archiving with tar......Page 279 Unarchiving Files with tar......Page 281 Compressing Files with compress......Page 282 Uncompressing Files with uncompress......Page 283 Zipping a File or Directory with gzip......Page 284 Unzipping a gzip File with gunzip......Page 285 Zipping Files and Directories with zip......Page 286 Unzipping Zipped Files with unzip......Page 287 Combining Commands......Page 288 Chapter 14: Using Handy Utilities......Page 290 Calendaring with cal......Page 291 Calculating with bc......Page 294 Evaluating Expressions with expr......Page 295 Converting with units......Page 296 Looking It Up with look......Page 297 Keeping a Record of Your Session with script......Page 298 Chapter 15: Being Root......Page 302 Acting Like root with sudo......Page 303 Becoming root with su......Page 305 Starting, Stopping, and Restarting Daemons......Page 307 Changing the System Configuration......Page 309 Monitoring the System......Page 311 Keeping up with watch......Page 314 Checking Boot Messages with dmesg......Page 315 Setting the Date and Time......Page 317 Chapter 16: Sensational Unix Tricks......Page 318 Cleaning Up HTML Documents with tidy......Page 319 Searching and Replacing Throughout Multiple Documents with sed......Page 322 Generating Reports with awk......Page 325 Using Input to Customize Your Environment......Page 326 Using ROT13 Encoding with sed......Page 328 Embedding ROT13 Encoding in a Shell Script......Page 330 Making Backups with rsync......Page 333 Using Advanced Redirection with stderr......Page 335 Appendix A: Unix Reference......Page 338 Appendix B: What’s What and What’s Where......Page 354 Appendix C: Commands and Flags......Page 358 A......Page 392 C......Page 393 E......Page 395 F......Page 397 G......Page 398 I......Page 399 L......Page 400 O......Page 401 P......Page 402 R......Page 403 S......Page 404 T......Page 406 V......Page 407 Z......Page 408 Cover 1 Table of Contents 6 Introduction 12 Chapter 1: Getting Started with Unix 16 Accessing a Unix System 18 Connecting to the Unix System 22 Logging In 25 Changing Your Password with passwd 26 Listing Directories and Files with ls 28 Changing Directories with cd 30 Finding Yourself with pwd 32 Piping Input and Output 33 Redirecting Output 34 Using Wildcards 36 Viewing File Contents with more 37 Displaying File Contents with cat 38 Exploring the System 40 Getting Help with man 41 Logging Out 43 Chapter 2: Using Directories and Files 44 Creating Directories with mkdir 45 Creating Files with touch 47 Copying Directories and Files with cp 49 Listing Directories and Files with ls (More Goodies) 51 Moving Files with mv 53 Removing Files with rm 54 Removing Directories with rmdir 57 Finding Forgotten Files with find 59 Locating Lost Files with locate 61 Linking with ln (Hard Links) 62 Linking with ln -s (Soft Links) 64 Chapter 3: Working with Your Shell 66 Discovering Which Shell You’re Using 67 Understanding Shells and Options 68 Changing Your Shell with chsh 70 Changing Your Shell Temporarily 72 Using Completion in the bash Shell 74 Viewing Session History in the bash Shell 75 Using Completion in the zsh Shell 77 Viewing Session History in the zsh Shell 78 Changing Your Identity with su 80 Fixing Terminal Settings with stty 82 Exiting the Shell 83 Chapter 4: Creating and Editing Files 84 Choosing an Editor 85 Starting pico and Dabbling with It 88 Saving in pico 89 Cutting and Pasting Text Blocks in pico 90 Checking Spelling in pico 91 Getting Help in pico 92 Exiting pico 93 Starting vi and Dabbling with It 94 Saving in vi 96 Adding and Deleting Text in vi 97 Importing Files into vi 98 Searching and Replacing in vi 99 Exiting vi 101 Starting emacs and Dabbling with It 102 Using emacs Menus to Spell-Check 104 Saving in emacs 105 Exiting emacs 106 Chapter 5: Controlling Ownership and Permissions 108 Understanding File Ownership and Permissions 109 Finding Out Who Owns What 110 Finding Out Which Group You’re In 112 Changing the Group Association of Files and Directories with chgrp 114 Changing Ownership of Files and Directories with chown 116 Changing Permissions with chmod 118 Translating Mnemonic Permissions to Numeric Permissions 121 Changing Permission Defaults with umask 122 Chapter 6: Manipulating Files 124 Counting Files and Their Contents with wc 125 Viewing File Beginnings with head 126 Viewing File Endings with tail 127 Finding Text with grep 128 Using Regular Expressions with grep 129 Using Other Examples of Regular Expressions 131 Making Global Changes with sed 132 Changing Files with awk 133 Comparing Files with cmp 135 Finding Differences in Files with diff 136 Finding Differences in Files with sdiff 137 Sorting Files with sort 138 Eliminating Duplicates with uniq 140 Redirecting to Multiple Locations with tee 141 Changing with tr 142 Formatting with fmt 144 Splitting Files with split 146 Chapter 7: Getting Information About the System 148 Getting System Information with uname 149 Viewing File Systems with df 150 Determining Disk Usage with du 153 Finding Out File Types with file 154 Finding Out About Users with finger 155 Learning Who Else Is Logged in with who 158 Learning Who Else Is Logged in with w 159 Getting Information About Your Userid with id 161 Chapter 8: Configuring Your Unix Environment 162 Understanding Your Unix Environment 163 Discovering Your Current Environment 165 Adding or Changing Variables 167 Looking at Your zsh Configuration Files 169 Adding to Your zsh Path 173 Changing Your zsh Prompt 175 Looking at Your bash Configuration Files 178 Adding to Your bash Path 181 Changing Your bash Prompt 183 Setting Aliases with alias 185 Chapter 9: Running Scripts and Programs 188 Running a Command 189 Scheduling Onetime Jobs with at 190 Scheduling Regularly Occurring Jobs with cron 193 Suspending Jobs 195 Checking Job Status with jobs 196 Running Jobs in the Background with bg 197 Running Jobs in the Foreground with fg 198 Controlling Job Priority with nice 199 Timing Jobs with time 200 Finding Out What Processes Are Running with ps 202 Deleting Processes with kill 204 Chapter 10: Writing Basic Scripts 206 Creating a Shell Script 207 Running a Shell Script 209 Making a Script Executable 210 Getting a Head Start on Scripts with history 212 Embedding Commands 213 Looping Your Scripts 215 Creating If-Then Statements 217 Accepting Command-Line Arguments in Your Scripts 220 Accepting Input While a Script Is Running 221 Debugging Scripts 223 Chapter 11: Sending and Reading E-mail 224 Choosing an E-mail Program and Getting Started 225 Reading E-mail with pine 227 Sending E-mail with pine 229 Customizing pine 231 Reading E-mail with mutt 233 Sending E-mail with mutt 235 Reading E-mail with mail 237 Sending E-mail with mail 238 Creating a Signature File 240 Automatically Forwarding Incoming Messages 242 Announcing an Absence with vacation 243 Configuring procmail 245 Managing E-mail with procmail 247 Chapter 12: Accessing the Internet 250 Getting Familiar with Unix Internet Lingo 251 Logging in to Remote Systems with ssh 253 Logging in to Remote Systems with telnet 254 Communicating with Others Using write 256 Communicating with Others Using talk 257 Getting Files from the Internet with ftp 258 Sharing Files on the Internet with ftp 262 Surfing the Web with links 264 Surfing the Web with lynx 266 Downloading Web Sites with wget 268 Checking Connections with ping 269 Tracing Connections with traceroute 270 Matching Domain Names with IP Addresses 272 Chapter 13: Working with Encoded and Compressed Files 274 Encoding Files with uuencode 275 Decoding Files with uudecode 278 Archiving with tar 279 Unarchiving Files with tar 281 Compressing Files with compress 282 Uncompressing Files with uncompress 283 Zipping a File or Directory with gzip 284 Unzipping a gzip File with gunzip 285 Zipping Files and Directories with zip 286 Unzipping Zipped Files with unzip 287 Combining Commands 288 Chapter 14: Using Handy Utilities 290 Calendaring with cal 291 Calculating with bc 294 Evaluating Expressions with expr 295 Converting with units 296 Looking It Up with look 297 Keeping a Record of Your Session with script 298 Chapter 15: Being Root 302 Acting Like root with sudo 303 Becoming root with su 305 Starting, Stopping, and Restarting Daemons 307 Changing the System Configuration 309 Monitoring the System 311 Keeping up with watch 314 Checking Boot Messages with dmesg 315 Setting the Date and Time 317 Chapter 16: Sensational Unix Tricks 318 Cleaning Up HTML Documents with tidy 319 Searching and Replacing Throughout Multiple Documents with sed 322 Generating Reports with awk 325 Using Input to Customize Your Environment 326 Using ROT13 Encoding with sed 328 Embedding ROT13 Encoding in a Shell Script 330 Making Backups with rsync 333 Using Advanced Redirection with stderr 335 Appendix A: Unix Reference 338 Appendix B: What’s What and What’s Where 354 Appendix C: Commands and Flags 358 Index 392 A 392 B 393 C 393 D 395 E 395 F 397 G 398 H 399 I 399 J 400 K 400 L 400 M 401 N 401 O 401 P 402 Q 403 R 403 S 404 T 406 U 407 V 407 W 408 Y 408 Z 408 From the Publisher: With Unix, 4th Edition: Visual QuickStart Guide, readers can start from the beginning to get a tour of the Unix operating system, or look up specific tasks to learn just what they need to know. This task-based, visual reference guide uses step-by-step instructions and plenty of screenshots, and includes three years worth of new material based on the latest Unix developments. This reference guide details all Unix commands and options along with tips that put those commands in context. Leading Unix authorities Deborah S. Ray and Eric J. Ray leverage their expertise as technical writers and working in the industry (Sun Microsystems) as they take readers step-by-step through the most common Unix commands and options