Solid State Chemistry : An Introduction

"Building a foundation with a thorough description of crystalline structures, this fifth edition of Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction presents a wide range of the synthetic and physical techniques used to prepare and characterize solids. Going beyond this, this largely nonmathematical introduction to solid state chemistry includes the bonding and electronic, magnetic, electrical and optical properties of solids. Solids of particular interest - porous solids, superconductors and nanostructures are included. Practical examples of applications and modern developments are given. It offers students the opportunity to apply their knowledge in real-life situations and serve them well throughout their degree course"-- Provided by publisher Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface to the Fifth Edition Preface to the Fourth Edition Authors Contributors List of Units, Prefixes, and Constants Chapter 1 An Introduction to Crystal Structures 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Lattices and Unit Cells 1.2.1 Lattices 1.2.2 One- and Two-Dimensional Unit Cells 1.3 Symmetry 1.3.1 Symmetry Notation 1.3.2 Axes of Symmetry 1.3.3 Planes of Symmetry 1.3.4 Inversion 1.3.5 Inversion Axes and the Identity Element 1.3.6 Operations 1.4 Symmetry in Crystals 1.4.1 Translational Symmetry Elements 1.5 Three-Dimensional Lattices and Their Unit Cells 1.5.1 Space Group Labels 1.5.2 Packing Diagrams 1.6 Close Packing 1.6.1 Body-Centred and Primitive Structures 1.7 Crystal Planes–Miller Indices 1.7.1 Interplanar Spacings 1.8 Crystalline Solids 1.8.1 Ionic Solids with Formula MX 1.8.2 Solids with General Formula MX2 1.8.3 Other Important Crystal Structures 1.8.4 Ionic Radii 1.8.5 Extended Covalent Arrays 1.8.6 Bonding in Crystals 1.8.7 Atomic Radii 1.8.8 Molecular Structures 1.9 Lattice Energy 1.9.1 Born–Haber Cycle 1.9.2 Calculating Lattice Energies 1.9.2.1 Computer Modeling 1.10 Summary Questions Chapter 2 Physical Methods for Characterizing Solids 2.1 Introduction 2.2 X-Ray Diffraction 2.2.1 Generation of X-Rays 2.2.2 Diffraction of X-Rays 2.3 Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction 2.3.1 The Importance of Intensities 2.3.2 Solving Single Crystal Structures 2.3.3 High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction 2.4 Powder Diffraction 2.4.1 Powder Diffraction Patterns 2.4.2 Absences Due to Lattice Centring 2.4.3 Systematic Absences Due to Screw Axes and Glide Planes 2.4.4 Uses of Powder X-Ray Diffraction 2.4.4.1 Identification of Unknowns and Phase Purity 2.4.4.2 Crystallite Size 2.4.4.3 Following Reactions and Phase Diagrams 2.4.4.4 Structure Determination and the Rietveld Method 2.5 Neutron Diffraction 2.5.1 Uses of Neutron Diffraction 2.6 X-Ray Microscopy/X-Ray Computed Tomography 2.7 Electron Microscopy 2.7.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM 2.7.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy, TEM 2.7.3 Cryogenic Electron Microscopy (Cryo EM) 2.7.4 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis, EDX (EDAX) 2.7.5 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy, STEM 2.7.6 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy, EELS 2.7.7 superSTEM 2.8 Scanning Probe Microscopy, SPM 2.8.1 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy, STM 2.9 Atomic Force Microscopy, AFM 2.10 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy, XAS 2.10.1 Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure, EXAFS 2.10.2 X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure, XANES, and Near-Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure, NEXAFS 2.11 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 2.12 Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 2.13 Thermal Analysis 2.13.1 Differential Thermal Analysis, DTA 2.13.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis, TGA 2.13.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC 2.13.4 Simultaneous Thermal Analysis, STA, and Coupling with Spectroscopic or Spectrometric Methods 2.14 Temperature Programmed Reduction, TPR 2.15 Other Techniques 2.16 Summary Questions Chapter 3 Synthesis of Solids 3.1 Introduction 3.2 High-Temperature Ceramic Methods 3.2.1 Direct Heating of Solids 3.2.2 Precursor Methods 3.2.3 Sol–Gel Methods 3.3 Mechanochemical Synthesis 3.4 Microwave Synthesis 3.5 Combustion Synthesis 3.6 High-Pressure Methods 3.6.1 Hydrothermal Methods 3.6.2 Using High-Pressure Gases 3.6.3 Using Hydrostatic Pressures 3.6.4 Using Ultrasound 3.7 Chemical Vapour Deposition 3.7.1 Preparation of Semiconductors 3.7.2 Diamond Films 3.7.3 Optical Fibres 3.7.4 Lithium Niobate 3.8 Preparing Single Crystals 3.8.1 Epitaxy Methods 3.8.2 Chemical Vapour Transport 3.8.3 Melt Methods 3.8.4 Solution Methods 3.9 Intercalation 3.10 Green Chemistry 3.11 Choosing a Method Questions Chapter 4 Solids: Bonding and Electronic Properties 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Bonding in Solids: Free-Electron Theory 4.2.1 Electronic Conductivity 4.3 Bonding in Solids: Molecular Orbital Theory 4.3.1 Simple Metals 4.4 Diamond, Si, and Ge: Semiconductors 4.4.1 Photoconductivity 4.4.2 Doped Semiconductors 4.4.3 p–n Junction and Field Effect Transistors 4.5 Bands in Compounds: Gallium Arsenide 4.6 Bands in d-Block Compounds: Transition Metal Monoxides 4.7 Summary Questions Chapter 5 Defects and Nonstoichiometry 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Point Defects and Their Concentration 5.2.1 Intrinsic Defects 5.2.2 Concentration of Defects 5.2.3 Extrinsic Defects 5.2.4 Defect Nomenclature 5.3 Nonstoichiometric Compounds 5.3.1 Nonstoichiometry in Wüstite (FeO) and MO-Type Oxides 5.3.2 Uranium Dioxide 5.3.3 Titanium Monoxide Structure 5.4 Extended Defects 5.4.1 CS Planes 5.4.2 Planar Intergrowths 5.4.3 Block Structures 5.4.4 Pentagonal Columns 5.4.5 Infinitely Adaptive Structures 5.5 Electronic Properties of Nonstoichiometric Oxides 5.6 Summary Questions Chapter 6 Solid-State Materials for Batteries 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Ionic Conductivity in Solids 6.3 Solid Electrolytes 6.3.1 Silver Ion Conductors 6.3.2 Lithium Ion Conductors 6.3.3 Sodium Ion Conductors 6.4 Lithium-Based Batteries 6.5 Sodium-Based Batteries 6.6 Summary Questions Chapter 7 Microporous and Mesoporous Solids 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Zeolites 7.2.1 Silicates 7.2.2 Composition and Structure of Zeolites 7.2.3 Zeolite Nomenclature 7.2.4 Si/Al Ratios in Zeolites 7.2.5 Exchangeable Cations 7.2.6 Channels and Cavities 7.2.7 Synthesis of Zeolites 7.2.8 Uses of Zeolites 7.2.8.1 Adsorbents 7.2.8.2 Catalysts 7.3 Metal Organic Frameworks 7.3.1 Composition and Structure of MOFs 7.3.2 Synthesis of MOFs 7.3.3 Uses of MOFs 7.3.3.1 Storage and Separation 7.3.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis 7.3.3.3 Other Applications 7.3.4 Zeolite-like MOFs 7.4 Covalent Organic Frameworks 7.4.1 Structure of COFs 7.4.2 Synthesis of COFs 7.4.3 Uses of COFs 7.5 Other Porous Solids 7.5.1 Mesoporous Aluminosilicates 7.5.2 Clays 7.5.3 Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas 7.6 Summary Questions Chapter 8 Optical Properties of Solids 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Interaction of Light with Atoms 8.2.1 Ruby Laser 8.2.2 Phosphors in LEDs 8.3 Colour Centres 8.4 Absorption and Emission of Radiation in Continuous Solids 8.4.1 Gallium Arsenide Laser 8.4.2 Quantum Wells: Blue Lasers 8.4.3 Light-Emitting Diodes 8.4.4 Photovoltaic (Solar) Cells 8.5 Carbon-Based Conducting Polymers 8.5.1 Discovery of Polyacetylene 8.5.2 Bonding in Polyacetylene and Related Polymers 8.5.3 Organic LEDs and Photovoltaic Cells 8.6 Refraction 8.6.1 Calcite 8.6.2 Optical Fibres 8.7 Photonic Crystals 8.8 Metamaterials 8.9 Summary Questions Chapter 9 Magnetic and Electrical Properties 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Magnetic Susceptibility 9.3 Paramagnetism in Metal Complexes 9.4 Ferromagnetic Metals 9.4.1Ferromagnetic Domains 9.4.2 Permanent Magnets 9.4.3 Magnetic Shielding 9.5 Ferromagnetic Compounds: Chromium Dioxide 9.6 Antiferromagnetism: Transition Metal Monoxides 9.7 Ferrimagnetism: Ferrites 9.7.1 Magnetic Strips on Swipe Cards 9.8 Spiral Magnetism 9.9 Giant, Tunnelling, and Colossal Magnetoresistance 9.9.1 Giant Magnetoresistance 9.9.2 Tunnelling Magnetoresistance 9.9.3 Hard-Disk Read Heads 9.9.4 Colossal Magnetoresistance: Manganites 9.10 Electrical Polarisation 9.11 Piezoelectric Crystals: Α-Quartz 9.12 Ferroelectric Effect 9.12.1 Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors 9.13 Multiferroics 9.13.1 Type I Multiferroics: Bismuth Ferrite 9.13.2 Type II Multiferroics: Terbium Manganite 9.14 Summary Questions Chapter 10 Superconductivity 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Properties of Superconductors 10.2.1 Electrical Conductivity 10.2.2 Magnetic Properties of Superconductors 10.2.3 BCS Theory of Superconductivity 10.3 High-Temperature Superconductors 10.3.1 Cuprate Superconductors 10.3.2 Iron Superconductors 10.3.3 Theory of High-TC Superconductors 10.4 Uses of High-Temperature Superconductors 10.5 Summary Questions Chapter 11 Nanostructures 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Consequences of the Nanoscale 11.2.1 Nanoparticle Morphology 11.2.2 Electronic Structure 11.2.3 Optical Properties 11.2.4 Magnetic Properties 11.2.5 Mechanical Properties 11.2.6 Melting Temperature 11.3 Nanostructural Carbon 11.3.1 Carbon Black 11.3.2 Graphite 11.3.3 Intercalation Compounds of Graphite 11.3.4 Graphene 11.3.5 Graphene Oxide 11.3.6 Buckminsterfullerene 11.3.7 Carbon Nanotubes 11.4 Noncarbon Nanoparticles 11.4.1 Fumed Silica 11.4.2 Quantum Dots 11.4.3 Metal Nanoparticles 11.5 Other Noncarbon Nanostructures 11.6 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 11.6.1 Top-Down Methods 11.6.2 Bottom-Up Methods: Manipulating Atoms and Molecules 11.6.3 Synthesis Using Templates 11.7 Safety 11.8 Summary Questions Chapter 12 Sustainability 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Definition of Materials Sustainability 12.1.2 Sustainable Materials Chemistry Goals 12.1.3 Materials Dependence in Society 12.1.4 Elemental Abundances 12.1.5 Solid-State Chemistry’s Role in Sustainability 12.1.6 Material Life Cycle 12.2 Tools for Sustainable Approaches 12.2.1 Green Chemistry 12.2.2 Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) 12.2.3 Embodied Energy 12.2.4 Exergy 12.2.5 Life Cycle Assessment 12.3 Case Study: Sustainability of a Smartphone 12.4 Concluding Remarks Questions Answers to Questions Further Reading Index Building a foundation with a thorough description of crystalline structures, this book presents a wide range of the synthetic and physical techniques used to prepare and characterize solids. It offers students the opportunity to apply their knowledge in real-life situations and serve them well throughout their degree course.