Smart Cities : Blockchain-Based Systems, Networks, and Data

Smart Cities: Blockchain-Based Systems, Networks, and Data examines the various components that make up a smart city. It focuses on infrastructure, processes, and services and outlines approaches for services such as health, transport, energy, and more. With an underlying emphasis on blockchain networks, the authors examine ways to provide the management of resources and activities by creating a more secure and trustless operating systems where resources are more effectively allocated and managed. Features • Novel approaches toward the provision of smart city services • Detailed explanations of how a blockchain-based smart city network operates • Novel design and architecture for cutting-edge technologies such as energy systems and vehicular devices interacting with blockchain across smart cities • Monitoring of data flow and the movement of several data types across different components of a smart city • Comprehensive analysis of issues affecting entities across a smart city and the effects of blockchain-based solutions This book is a practical and detailed demonstration for researchers and industry professionals who would use blockchain technology for effective city management. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Acknowledgment Authors 1. Introduction 1.1. Approach to Development of Smart Cities 1.2. Digital City Operating System – A Blockchain Perspective 1.2.1. Users 1.2.2. Applications 1.2.3. Assistive Layer 1.2.3.1. Blockchain Analytics Engine 1.2.4. Hardware/Sensor Network 1.3. Conclusion References 2. Blockchain and Smart City Fundamentals 2.1. Introduction 2.1.1. Blocks 2.1.2. Miners 2.1.3. Nodes 2.1.3.1. Types of Blockchain Nodes 2.1.3.2. Blockchain Nodes Security 2.2. Fundamentals of Blockchain 2.2.1. The Blockchain’s Cryptography 2.2.2. Hash Functions 2.2.3. Public Key Cryptography 2.2.4. Blockchain Construction 2.2.5. Chaining 2.2.6. Blockchain Networks 2.2.7. Blockchain Peer-to-Peer Network 2.2.8. Blockchain Consensus 2.2.9. Fundamentals of Consensus 2.2.10. Consensus Implementation 2.2.11. Proof of Work 2.2.12. Proof of Stake 2.2.13. Consensus Attacks 2.3. Permissionless vs. Permissioned Blockchains 2.3.1. Types of Blockchains 2.4. Smart Contracts 2.4.1. Introduction to Smart Contracts 2.4.2. Smart Contracts Working Principle 2.4.3. Examples of Smart Contracts 2.4.4. Uses of Smart Contracts 2.4.5. Advantages of Smart Contracts 2.4.6. Limitations of Smart Contracts 2.5. Blockchain Applications 2.6. Smart City and Blockchain Technology 2.7. Application of Blockchain in Smart Cities 2.8. Conclusion References 3. Infrastructure 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Smart City Infrastructure 3.2.1. Sub-Division of Smart City Infrastructure 3.3. Interoperability 3.3.1. Interoperability Issues 3.3.2. Smart City Infrastructural Services 3.4. Infrastructural Design 3.4.1. Smart Homes 3.4.2. Waste Management 3.4.3. Rainwater Distribution 3.5. A Blockchain-Enabled Smart City Infrastructure 3.5.1. Blockchain-Enabled Infrastructure-Focused Approach 3.5.2. Blockchain-Supported Smart City Platforms 3.5.3. Blockchain-Controlled Smart City Infrastructural Regulations 3.5.4. Blockchain Unit 3.5.5. Analytic Platform 3.5.6. Smart City Control Center 3.5.7. IoT Connection 3.5.8. Data Integration Platform 3.5.9. Data Type Aggregation Center and Transmission 3.5.10. Infrastructure Security Consideration References 4. Identities 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Digital Identities 4.3. Digital Identity Life Cycle 4.4. Life Cycle Management 4.5. Identity Evolution 4.6. How Does the Digital Identity Work? 4.6.1. For Companies 4.6.2. For IoT Devices 4.6.3. For Individuals 4.7. The Need for Blockchain-Based Identities 4.7.1. Inaccessibility 4.7.2. Data Insecurity 4.7.3. Fraudulent Identities 4.8. Decentralized Digital Identities 4.8.1. The Creation of a Digital Identity 4.8.2. Decentralized Identifier 4.8.3. Security of Decentralized Identities 4.8.4. The Use of Decentralized Identities 4.9. The Use of Blockchain in Managing Identities 4.9.1. Self-Sovereign Identity 4.9.2. Data Monetization 4.9.3. Data Portability 4.10. People 4.11. Conclusion References 5. Supply Chain 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Blockchain in Supply Chain Framework 5.2.1. A Blockchain-Enabled Supply Chain Architecture for Smart Cities 5.2.2. Good Processing 5.2.3. Verification 5.2.4. Considerations 5.2.5. Operational Requirement 5.3. Multi-Transporters 5.3.1. Multi-Transporters Design 5.3.2. The Seller 5.3.3. Signing and Terms and Conditions 5.3.4. Cancellation and Funding 5.3.5. Expected Delivery Time 5.3.6. Payment Settlement 5.4. Supply Chain Equilibrium on a Game-Theory-Incentivized Blockchain Network 5.4.1. A Game-Theory-Based Supply Chain 5.4.2. Iterated Prisoners Dilemma 5.4.3. Repeated Games 5.4.4. Markov Decision Process 5.4.5. Stackelberg Model 5.5. Game-Theory-Incentivized Blockchain-Based Network Overview 5.5.1. Game Theory Analysis 5.5.2. Transparency 5.5.3. State Change 5.5.4. Infinite Games 5.5.5. Establishing Nash Equilibrium 5.6. Conclusions References 6. Smart Transportation 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Framework for Transportation 6.3. Mobility as a Service 6.4. General Structure of MaaS 6.4.1. Ensuring Confidentiality 6.4.2. Cryptographic Schemes 6.4.3. Vulnerabilities of Smart Contracts 6.4.4. Vital Role 6.4.5. Impact 6.5. Incentive for Intelligent Transport Systems 6.5.1. Proposition of Ideas 6.6. Blockchain in Vehicular Systems 6.6.1. Blockchain in Information Sharing for Transportation Systems 6.6.2. Blockchain in Vehicular Consensus Processing 6.7. VANET 6.7.1. The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) 6.7.2. Software Defined Networking (SDN) 6.8. Blockchain-SDN IoV Design 6.9. Certificate Issuance and Revocation 6.9.1. Certificate Issuance and Revocation 6.9.2. Communication Model 6.9.3. Network Trust Model 6.10. Conclusion References 7. Smart Health 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Preliminaries 7.2.1. Cryptographic Keys 7.2.2. Smart Contracts 7.3. System Design 7.4. Construction 7.5. Conclusion References 8. Smart City Contracting 8.1. Introduction 8.1.1. Incentive Theory 8.1.2. Transaction Cost Theory 8.1.3. Contracting 8.1.4. Contract Duration 8.1.5. Decision Trees 8.2. Contract Setup for Multiple Organizations 8.2.1. Registration 8.2.2. Recruitment 8.2.3. Outsource 8.2.4. Subcontracting 8.2.5. Negotiation 8.2.6. Managing Trading Unions 8.3. Dispute Resolution on the Blockchain 8.3.1. Mediation 8.3.2. Multi-Arbitration and Multi-Contracting Arbitration 8.3.3. Arbitration Scheme 8.3.4. Arbitration Calls 8.4. Sub-Contract Procedure Mechanisms 8.4.1. Contract-Contract Consolidation 8.4.2. Arbitration-Arbitration Consolidation 8.4.3. Sub-Arbitration 8.4.4. Invitation 8.4.5. Dispute Negotiation 8.4.6. Blockchain-Based Arbitrators 8.4.7. Arbitration Appeal 8.5. Internal Contracting Considerations 8.5.1. Security 8.5.2. General Contract Design 8.5.3. Contract Termination 8.6. Contract Analysis 8.6.1. Post-Facto 8.6.2. Interaction between Contracting Parties 8.6.3. Allocating Decision Rights between Contracting Parties 8.6.4. No Leverage Constraints between Both Party A and Party B 8.6.5. Leverage Constraints 8.7. Conclusion References 9. Smart Energy 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Preliminaries 9.2.1. Blockchain 9.2.2. Smart Meter 9.2.3. Internet of Things 9.2.4. Smart Contracts 9.2.5. Smart Grid vs. Traditional Grids 9.2.6. Cryptographic Keys 9.3. System Design 9.3.1. Initials 9.3.2. User Layer 9.3.3. Data Processing and Monitoring Layer 9.3.4. Registration and Authentication Center 9.3.5. Processing and Consensus Nodes 9.3.6. Smart Contract Center 9.3.7. Energy Production and Data Storage Center 9.4. Data Flow on the Entire System Description 9.5. Smart Contract Design 9.6. Blockchain Design (Secureness of the System) 9.6.1. Parent Block Structure 9.6.2. Side Block Structure 9.7. Conclusion References 10. Tokenization of Energy Systems 10.1. Introduction 10.1.1. NRE/RE Tokenized Blockchain-Based Energy Contracting 10.1.2. Tokenized Systems 10.1.3. Automated Market Makers 10.2. Proposed Solution 10.2.1. Registration 10.2.2. Setup 10.2.3. Proposed Smart City Module 10.2.4. Blockchain-Based Monitoring of NRE/RE Ecosystem 10.2.5. Tracking of Energy Generated 10.2.6. Decarbonization within NRE Ecosystems 10.3. Proposed Decarbonization Functional Procedure 10.3.1. Design of Proposed NRE/RE Decarbonization Contract 10.3.2. Proposed Blockchain-Based Energy Market 10.3.3. Token Generation 10.3.4. Energy Funders 10.3.5. Bidding on Energy Token Type 10.3.6. Blockchain-Based Energy Market Token Pairing 10.3.7. Rebalancing of Tokens Generated 10.4. Energy Trading 10.4.1. NRE/RE Energy Market Trading 10.4.2. InterEnergy Type Token Request and Transaction 10.4.3. Feasibility of Energy Exchange Across Energy Markets 10.4.4. Energy Storage and Supply for Trading 10.4.5. Negotiation Analysis between RE/NRE Buyer and Supplier 10.4.6. Energy Token-Price Fluctuation Analysis 10.5. Conclusion References 11. Smart City Governance 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Urban City Challenges 11.2.1. Governance Challenges 11.2.2. Economic Challenges 11.2.3. Mobility Challenges 11.2.4. Pollution 11.2.5. People Challenges 11.3. Blockchain 11.4. The Role of Blockchain in City Governance 11.4.1. Citizenship and Democracy 11.4.2. Asset and Land Usage 11.4.3. Infrastructure and Services 11.4.4. Ecosystems of Values 11.4.5. Government and Public Tenders 11.5. Conclusion References Index Smart Cities: Blockchain-Based Systems, Networks, and Data examines the various components that make up a smart city and outlines approaches for services such as such as health, transport, energy, and others. It is a practical and detailed demonstration for professionals using blockchain technology for effective city management.