Semiconductors · Semiconductor Quantum Structures · Optical Properties. Part 1

At present in many fields of science research activities concentrate on the study of micro- and nanoscale materials and structures. Volume III/34 summarizes our current knowledge of semiconductor quantum structures. Subvolume 34A and 34B cover growth structuring and doping, and electronic transport, respectively. Subvolume 34C deals with the optical properties. The present subvol. **34C1** offers the theoretical and experimental basis as well as data on III-V, I-VII and IV-VI semiconductors, while subvolume 34C2 will cover the elemental semiconductors and II-VI compounds. Introductory material 1 Title page 1 Editor, Authors 3 Preface 4 0 Introduction C. Klingshirn 5 1 Theoretical concepts H. Haug 10 1.1 Electronic states and phonons in mesoscopic microstructures 10 1.1.1 Confinement potentials, envelope approximation 10 1.1.2 Valence band mixing by quantum confinement 13 1.1.3 Excitons in microstructures 16 1.1.3.1 Quantum wells 16 1.1.3.2 Quantum wires 18 1.1.3.3 Quantum dots 19 1.1.4 Excitonic molecules in microstructures 20 1.1.5 Exciton polaritons and bipolaritons in quantum wells and wires 21 1.1.6 Interface and alloy disorder 22 1.1.7 Phonon modes in microstructures 24 1.1.8 Photon confinement in microresonators 25 1.2 Theory of stationary spectroscopy 26 1.2.1 Optical transitions, semiconductor Bloch equations, linear spectra 26 1.2.2 Plasma-density-dependent spectra 32 1.2.3 Electro-optical spectra 36 1.2.4 Magneto-optical spectra 40 1.3 Theory of transient spectroscopy 43 1.3.1 Time-dependent semiconductor Bloch equations with semiclassical and quantum kinetic scattering integrals 44 1.3.1.1 LO-phonon scattering 44 1.3.1.2 Carrier-carrier scattering 46 1.3.2 Femtosecond four-wave mixing 47 1.3.3 Femtosecond Coulomb dephasing kinetics 49 1.3.4 Femtosecond pump-and-probe spectroscopy 51 1.4 References for 1 55 2 Experimental methods C. Klingshirn 61 2.1 Linear optical spectroscopy 62 2.1.1 Equipment for linear spectroscopy 62 2.1.2 Techniques and results 64 2.2 Nonlinear optical spectroscopy 68 2.2.1 Equipment for nonlinear optics 69 2.2.2 Experimental techniques and results 72 2.2.2.1 One beam methods 72 2.2.2.2 Pump-and-probe beam spectroscopy 73 2.2.2.3 Four-wave mixing and laser-induced gratings 75 2.3 Time-resolved spectroscopy 81 2.3.1 Equipment for time-resolved spectroscopy 81 2.3.2 Experimental techniques and results 84 2.3.2.1 Lifetime measurements 85 2.3.2.2 Intraband and intersubband relaxation 86 2.3.2.3 Coherent processes 86 2.4 Spatially resolved spectroscopy 90 2.4.1 Equipment for spatially resolved spectroscopy 90 2.4.2 Experimental techniques and results 92 2.5 Spectroscopy under the influence of external fields 94 2.5.1 Equipment for spectroscopy under the influence of external fields 94 2.5.2 Experimental techniques and results 96 2.6 References for 2 99 4 III-V Semiconductors C. Klingshirn 106 4.1 General properties 107 4.2 Quantum-well structures 112 4.2.1 GaN quantum wells and related structures 113 4.2.2 GaAs and Al{1-y}Ga{y}As wells 116 4.2.2.1 Excitonic data and effects 116 4.2.2.1.1 Linear optical spectra including excitons, defects, disorder and interexcitonic transitions 116 4.2.2.1.2 Exciton binding energy 121 4.2.2.1.3 Exciton polaritons in quantum wells and wave guides, including the exciton fine structure 122 4.2.2.1.4 Cavity polaritons 126 4.2.2.1.5 Localized and bound excitons, exciton transport 126 4.2.2.1.6 Raman scattering 128 4.2.2.1.7 Optical nonlinearities of excitons, biexcitons and trions 129 4.2.2.1.8 Dynamic properties of excitons, biexcitons and trions 132 4.2.2.1.9 Excitons under the influence of external fields 146 4.2.2.2 Plasma effects 156 4.2.2.2.1 Optical spectra and renormalization effects 157 4.2.2.2.2 Intersubband transitions 159 4.2.2.2.3 Plasmons and plasmon-phonon mixed states 159 4.2.2.2.4 Plasma dynamics 161 4.2.2.2.5 Plasmas in the presence of external fields 162 4.2.2.2.6 Electron-hole plasma lasers and plasma-based modulators 163 4.2.3 InAs and In{1-y}Ga{y}As wells 164 4.2.3.1 Excitonic effects 165 4.2.3.2 Plasma effects 172 4.2.4 Other well materials 176 4.2.4.1 Excitonic effects 178 4.2.4.1.1 Linear optical spectra 178 4.2.4.1.2 Optical nonlinearities and dynamics 180 4.2.4.1.3 Influence of external fields 181 4.2.4.2 Plasma effects 181 4.2.5 References for 4.1 and 4.2 183 4.3 Superlattices and coupled quantum wells 227 4.3.1 GaN superlattices and related structures 228 4.3.2 GaAs and Al{1-y}Ga{y}As-based structures 230 4.3.2.1 Excitonic effects 232 4.3.2.1.1 Linear optical spectra and excitonic properties 232 4.3.2.1.2 Raman scattering 236 4.3.2.1.3 Dynamics, nonlinear processes, and transport of excitons, biexcitons, and trions 238 4.3.2.1.4 Excitons under the influence of external fields 241 4.3.2.2 Plasma effects 248 4.3.3 InAs and In{1-y}Ga{y}As 250 4.3.4 Other well materials 253 4.3.5 Doping superlattices 257 4.3.6 Spontaneously ordered alloys 262 4.3.7 References for 4.3 265 4.4 Quantum-wire structures 287 4.4.1 GaN wires and related structures 288 4.4.2 GaAs and Al{1-y}Ga{y}As wires 289 4.4.2.1 Excitonic data and effects 289 4.4.2.2 Plasma effects 295 4.4.3 InAs and In{1-y}Ga{y}As wires 296 4.4.4 Other wire materials 298 4.4.5 References for 4.4 300 4.5 Quantum-dot structures 310 4.5.1 GaN quantum dots and related structures 312 4.5.2 GaAs-based dots 313 4.5.3 In{1-y}Ga{y}As-based dots 316 4.5.4 Other dot materials 323 4.5.5 References for 4.5 326 6 I-VII Semiconductors U. Woggon 339 6.1 General properties 339 6.2 Quantum-well structures 340 6.3 Superlattices 340 6.4 Quantum-wire structures 340 6.5 Quantum dots 341 6.5.1 CuCl 341 6.5.1.1 The low-density regime 341 6.5.1.2 The intermediate-density regime 345 6.5.1.3 The high-density regime 346 6.5.1.4 Coherent, relaxation and recombination dynamics 347 6.5.2 CuI 347 6.5.3 CuBr 348 6.5.4 AgCl 351 6.5.5 AgI 351 6.5.6 AgBr 352 6.6 References for 6 354 7 IV-VI Semiconductors M. Tacke, A. Ishida 358 7.1 General properties 359 7.1.1 Materials 359 7.1.2 Theoretical background 364 7.1.3 References for 7.1 367 7.2 Single and multiple quantum wells 369 7.2.1 Single quantum wells 369 7.2.2 Multiple quantum wells 372 7.2.3 References for 7.2 376 7.3 Superlattices 377 7.4 Quantum wires and dots 381 Introductory material....Pages 1-4 0 Introduction....Pages 1-5 1.1 Electronic states and phonons in mesoscopic microstructures....Pages 6-21 1.2 Theory of stationary spectroscopy....Pages 21-37 1.3 Theory of transient spectroscopy....Pages 38-49 1.4 References for 1....Pages 49-54 2 Experimental methods....Pages 55-55 2.1 Linear optical spectroscopy....Pages 56-61 2.2 Nonlinear optical spectroscopy....Pages 61-73 2.3 Time-resolved spectroscopy....Pages 73-81 2.4 Spatially resolved spectroscopy....Pages 82-85 2.5 Spectroscopy under the influence of external fields....Pages 85-89 2.6 References for 2....Pages 89-95 4 III-V Semiconductors....Pages 96-96 4.1 General properties....Pages 96-100 4.2 Quantum-well structures....Pages 100-100 4.2.1 GaN quantum wells and related structures....Pages 100-102 4.2.2.1 Excitonic data and effects....Pages 103-118 4.2.2.1.8 Dynamic properties of excitons, biexcitons and trions....Pages 118-131 4.2.2.1.9 Excitons under the influence of external fields....Pages 131-140 4.2.2.2 Plasma effects....Pages 140-147 4.2.3 InAs and In{1-y}Ga{y}As wells....Pages 148-159 4.2.4 Other well materials....Pages 159-165 4.2.5 References for 4.1 and 4.2....Pages 165-208 4.3 Superlattices and coupled quantum wells....Pages 209-209 4.3.1 GaN superlattices and related structures....Pages 210-211 4.3.2 GaAs (and Al{1-y}Ga{y}As)-based structures....Pages 211-230 4.3.3 InAs and In{1-y}Ga{y}As....Pages 231-233 4.3.4 Other well materials....Pages 233-236 4.3.5 Doping superlattices....Pages 236-240 4.3.6 Spontaneously ordered alloys....Pages 240-242 4.3.7 References for 4.3....Pages 242-263 4.4 Quantum-wire structures....Pages 264-276 4.4.5 References for 4.4....Pages 276-285 4.5 Quantum-dot structures....Pages 286-301 4.5.5 References for 4.5....Pages 301-313 6 I-VII Semiconductors....Pages 314-328 6.6 References for 6....Pages 328-331 7 IV-VI Semiconductors....Pages 332-332 7.1 General properties....Pages 332-341 7.2 Single and multiple quantum wells....Pages 341-348 7.3 Superlattices....Pages 349-352 7.4 Quantum wires and dots....Pages 352-354