Semantic Knowledge Representation for Information Retrieval

This book covers the basics of semantic web technologies and indexing languages, and describes their contribution to improve methods of formal knowledge representation and reasoning. The methodologies included combine the specifics of indexing languages, Web representation languages and intersystem relations, and explain their contribution to search functionalities in information retrieval scenarios. An example oriented discussion, considering aspects of conceptual and semantic interoperability in processes of subject querying and knowledge exploration is provided. The book is relevant to information scientists, knowledge workers and indexers. It provides a suitable combination of theoretical foundations and practical applications. Preface 1 Introduction: Envisioning Semantic Information Spaces Part A Propaedeutics – Organizing, Representing, and Exploring Knowledge 2 Indexing and Knowledge Organization 2.1 Knowledge Organization Systems as Indexing Languages 2.1.1 Building Elements: Entities and Terms 2.1.2 Structural Elements: Intrasystem Relations 2.1.3 Result Elements: Indexates 2.2 Standards and Frameworks 2.2.1 ISO 25964: Thesauri and Interoperability with other Vocabularies 2.2.2 Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD) 3 Semantic Technologies for Knowledge Representation 3.1 Web-based Representation Languages 3.1.1 XML 3.1.2 RDF/RDFS 3.1.3 OWL 3.2 Application-based Representation Languages 3.2.1 XTM 3.2.2 SKOS 4 Information Retrieval and Knowledge Exploration 4.1 Information Retrieval Essentials 4.1.1 Exact Match Paradigm 4.1.2 Partial Match Paradigm 4.2 Measuring Effectiveness in Information Retrieval 4.3 From Retrieving to Exploring 4.3.1 String-based Retrieval Processes 4.3.2 Conceptual Retrieval Process 4.3.3 Conceptual Exploration Processes 4.3.4 Topical Exploration Processes 4.4 From Homogeneous to Heterogeneous Information Spaces Part B Status quo – Handling Heterogeneity in Indexing and Retrieval 5 Approaches to Handle Heterogeneity 5.1 Citation Pearl Growing 5.2 Modeling Multilingual Indexing Languages 5.3 Establishing Semantic Interoperability between Indexing Languages 5.3.1 Structural Models 5.3.2 Mapping Levels 5.3.3 Vocabulary Linking Projects 6 Problems with Establishing Semantic Interoperability 6.1 Conceptual Interoperability between Entities of Indexing Languages 6.1.1 Focused and Comprehensive Mapping 6.1.2 Conceptual Identity and Semantic Congruence 6.2 Equivalent Intersystem Relationships 6.2.1 Intersystem Relations Compared to Intrasystem Relations 6.2.2 Interoperability and Search Tactics 6.2.3 Specified Intersystem Relationships 6.2.4 Conceptual Interoperability between Indexing Results 6.2.5 Directedness of Intersystem Relationships Part C Vision – Ontology-based Indexing and Retrieval 7 Formalization in Indexing Languages 7.1 Introduction and Objectives 7.2 Common Characteristics and Differences between Indexing Languages and Formal Knowledge Representation 7.3 Prerequisites for an Ontology-based Indexing 7.3.1 Semantic Relations and Inferred Document Sets 7.3.2 Facets and Inferences 8 Typification of Semantic Relations 8.1 Inventories of Typed relations 8.2 Typed Relations and their Benefit for Indexing and Retrieval 8.3 Examples of the Benefit of Typed Relations for the Retrieval Process 8.3.1 Example 1: Aspect-oriented Specification of the Generic Hierarchy Relation 8.3.2 Example 2: Typed Relations of a Topic Map built from the ASIST Thesaurus 8.3.3 Example 3: Degrees of Determinacy 9 Inferences in Retrieval Processes 9.1 Inferences of Level 1 9.1.1 Hierarchical Relationships 9.1.2 Associative Relationships 9.1.3 Typification of the Synonymy/Equivalence Relationship 9.2 Inferences of Level 2 and of Higher Levels, Transitivity 9.2.1 Hierarchical Relationships 9.2.2 Unspecific Associative Relationships 9.2.3 Typification of Associative Relationships 9.3 Inferences by Combining Different Types of Relationships 9.3.1 Synonymy Relation with Hierarchical Relationships 9.3.2 Chronological Relation with Hierarchical Relationships 9.3.3 Transitions from Associative Relationships to a Hierarchical Structure 9.3.4 Transitions from a Hierarchical Structure to Associative Relationships 9.3.5 Transitivity for Combinations of Typed Associative Relationships 10 Semantic Interoperability and Inferences 10.1 Conditions for Entity-based Interoperability 10.2 Models of Semantic Interoperability 10.2.1 Ontological Spine and Satellite Ontologies 10.2.2 Degrees of Determinacy and Interoperability 10.2.3 Entity-based Interoperability and Facets 10.3 Perspective: Ontology-based Indexing and Retrieval 11 Remaining Research Questions 11.1 Questions of Modeling 11.2 Questions of Procedure 11.3 Questions of Technology and Implementation Part D Appendices Systematic Glossary Abbreviations List of figures List of tables References Index This book covers the basics of semantic web technologies and indexing languages, and describes their contribution to improve languages as a tool for subject queries and knowledge exploration. The book is relevant to information scientists, knowledge workers and indexers. It provides a suitable combination of theoretical foundations and practical applications. Winfried Gödert, Fachhochschule Köln; Matthias Nagelschmidt; Jessica Hubrich, Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Covers the basics of semantic web technologies and indexing languages, and describes their contribution to improve languages as a tool for subject queries and knowledge exploration. This book is relevant to information scientists, knowledge workers and indexers. It offers a combination of theoretical foundations and practical applications.