Research Methods for Understanding Child Second Language Development (Second Language Acquisition Research Series)

Butler and Huang’s book is one of the first to focus on second language (L2) development research methods and techniques specifically targeted at children of primary and pre-primary years. The last decade has seen a growing number of L2 studies of children aged 4–12, a demographic with special developmental characteristics that confound research methods designed for studying adults. Written by experts from a variety of disciplines, this book covers major research methods and techniques in existing L2 development research, including observations, surveys, interviews, introspective methods, speech production methods, receptive methods, eye tracking, and brain imaging, as well as research methods specifically designed for L2 children with special educational needs. The book also discusses various age-related considerations and challenges if they are employed to young L2 learners. This will be essential reading for SLA, child development, and TESOL researchers, and students in these courses will benefit particularly from pedagogical material such as further readings and discussion questions. Butler and Huangâ••s book is one of the first to focus on second language (L2) development research methods and techniques specifically targeted at children of primary and pre-primary years.The last decade has seen a growing number of L2 studies of child Cover 1 Endorsement 2 Half Title 4 Series Information 5 Title Page 6 Copyright Page 7 Dedication 8 Table of Contents 10 Contributors 12 Acknowledgements 15 1 Introduction: Researching Child Second Language Development 16 References 23 2 Observation and Ethnographic Methods for Researching Young Learners 26 Introduction 26 Observing Children’s Language Development 26 Participant and Non-Participant Observation 28 Participant Observation: Ethnographic Approaches 31 Recent Ethnographic and Observational Studies of Young L2 Learners 33 Study Design and Duration 38 Other Data Sources 38 Analysis 39 Theoretical Frameworks and Types of Research Questions Asked 40 Challenges and Consideration 42 Implications for Child SLA Researchers 43 Discussion Questions 44 References 45 3 Surveys and Questionnaires With Young Language Learners 48 Introduction 48 Questionnaires When Children Are Respondents: A Brief History 49 Building a Questionnaire for Children 50 Answering Questions Mirrors Cognitive Capacity and Processing 51 Stage One: Interpretation 51 Stage Two: Retrieval 52 Stage Three: Judgment 53 Stage Four: Response Selection 53 Cultural Sensitivity 54 Survey Research Overview: Our Recommended Procedures 55 Research Questions 55 Survey Gathering and Analysis 55 Theory and Prior Examples 56 Translation in All Its Forms 56 Sorting Constructs: The KJ Method 57 Implementation 58 Conclusion 59 Tools and Resources 60 Discussion Questions 60 References 61 4 Using Interviews With Children in L2 Research 64 Introduction 64 Interviews 64 Interviews With Children in SLA 65 Types of Studies: Examples 68 Challenges and Considerations 70 Power Gap, Rapport, and Language 70 L1 Or L2 Use in Interviews 71 Creating Comfortable Environments 72 Individual/Pair Interviews, Group Interviews, Or Peer Interviews 73 Some Ethical Issues 74 Conclusion 74 Discussion Questions 75 References 76 5 Verbal Reports as a Window for Understanding Mental Processes Among Young Learners 79 Introduction 79 General Description of Verbal Reports as an Introspective Method 79 Verbal Reports in Research Focusing On Children 82 Verbal Reports as a Method of Inquiry for L1 and L2/FL Development 83 Verbal Reports as a Method of Instruction 85 Challenges and Considerations for Implementing Verbal Reports With Young Language Learners 86 Veridicality and Reactivity: Conceptual Issues 86 Issues With Planning and Administering Verbal Reports 87 Issues With Analyzing and Interpreting Children’s Verbal Reports 90 Implications for Child SLD Researchers 90 Using Digital Technology 90 Taking a Child-Centered Approach 91 Discussion Questions 92 Notes 92 References 93 6 Research Methods for Evaluating Second Language Speech Production 99 Introduction 99 An Overview of L2 Speech Production Methods in the Literature 100 Standardized Norm-Referenced Assessments 100 Language Sampling Methods 102 The Use of Technology in L2 Speech Production Methods 105 Challenges and Considerations 106 Implications 108 Tools and Resources 111 Discussion Questions 112 References 112 7 Receptive Methods in Child Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition 117 Introduction 117 Studying Morphosyntax 117 The Picture-Sentence Matching Task 118 Description 118 How the Method Is Used in Child SLA 120 Challenges and Recommendations 124 The Grammaticality Judgment Task 125 Description 125 How the Method Is Used in Child SLA 127 Challenges and Recommendations 130 Conclusion 132 Tools and Resources 133 Discussion Questions 133 References 133 8 Eye-Tracking Methods in Child SLA Research 136 Introduction 136 Using Eye Tracking to Study Reading Comprehension 136 Using Eye Tracking to Study Spoken Language Processing 139 Studies Illustrating the Use of Eye-Tracking Methodology With Child L2 Learners 141 Challenges and Considerations in Eye-Tracking Research With Child L2 Learners 144 Recruitment and Community Outreach 144 Materials and Procedures 145 Data Analysis 150 Concluding Remarks 152 Tools and Resources 152 Discussion Questions 153 Notes 153 References 153 9 Brain Imaging Methods 159 Introduction 159 Why Use Neuroimaging Tools to Understand Children’s Second Language Development? 159 Theoretical Considerations for the Neurobiology of Childhood Second Language Learning 160 Phonology and Second Language Learning During Childhood 160 Phonology and Literacy Development in School-Age Children 161 Overview of Developmental Cognitive Neuroimaging Tools 161 When Tools 162 Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Event-Related Potential (ERP) 162 ERP Use With Children 162 ERP Components in Language Research 163 Mismatch Negativity (MMN) 163 MMN in SLA Research 164 Rhyming Effect (RE) 164 RE in SLA Research 164 ERP Components in SLA Research 165 MEG: Magnetoencephalography 165 MEG Use With Children 166 Examples of MEG Use in SLA Research 166 MEG Use in Second Language Learning 166 When Tools Summary 167 Where Tools (Hemodynamics) 167 Using Where Tools (Neuroanatomical Principle) 168 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI) 169 MRI-Based Anatomical Imaging 169 fMRI Use With Children 169 Using Where Tools (Neuroanatomical Principle) 170 Examples of FMRI Use in SLA Research 170 fNIRS—Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 172 fNIRS Use With Children 172 Examples of FNIRS Use in SLA Research 172 Conclusion 173 Tools and Resources 175 Discussion Questions 176 Note 176 References 176 10 Research Methods for L2 Children With Special Needs 179 Introduction 179 Common Research Questions and Research Methods Used in Empirical Studies 180 Bi-DD and Risk Status 180 Language and Cognitive Profiles of Bi-DLD 180 Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 184 Intervention Studies 185 Challenges and Methodological Implications 187 Participant Selection 187 Comparison Group 194 Heterogeneity 194 Conclusion 195 Key Terms 195 Discussion Questions 197 Note 197 References 197 11 Considerations for Research Methods to Study Child Second Language Development 201 Introduction 201 Theories and Research Methods 202 Adapting Research Methods to Account for Developmental Factors 204 Cognitive and Metacognitive Factors 204 Affective Factors 207 Linguistic and Cultural Factors 208 Experiential Factors 209 Directions for the Future 210 How to Capture Dynamic and Fluid Conceptualization of Development 210 How to Take Child-Centered Approaches in Research 212 Conclusion 213 Note 213 References 213 Index 216 young,learners;,research,methods;,child,SLA;,observation;,questionnaire;,interview;,verbal,reports;,speech,production;,receptive,tasks;,eye-tracking;,brain-imaging;,children,with,special,needs young learners,research methods,child SLA,observation,questionnaire,interview,verbal reports,speech production,receptive tasks,eye-tracking,brain-imaging,children with special needs Proporcionado por el ed.: "Butler & Huang's book is one of the first to focus on second language (L2) development research methods and techniques specifically targeted at children of primary and pre-primary years. The last decade has seen a growing number of second language studies of children aged 4-12, a demographic with special developmental characteristics that confound research methods designed for studying adults. Written by experts from a variety of disciplines, this book covers major research methods and techniques in existing L2 development research including observations, surveys, interviews, introspective methods, speech production methods, receptive methods, eye-tracking, and brain-imaging, as well as research methods specifically designed for L2 children with special educational needs. The book also discusses various age-related considerations and challenges if they are employed to young L2 learners. This will be essential reading for SLA, Child Development, and TESOL researchers, and students in these courses will benefit particularly from pedagogical material like further readings and discussion questions" "Butler & Huang's book is one of the first to focus on second language (L2) development research methods and techniques specifically targeted at children of primary and pre-primary years. The last decade has seen a growing number of second language studies of children aged 4-12, a demographic with special developmental characteristics that confound research methods designed for studying adults. Written by experts from a variety of disciplines, this book covers major research methods and techniques in existing L2 development research including observations, surveys, interviews, introspective methods, speech production methods, receptive methods, eye-tracking, and brain-imaging, as well as research methods specifically designed for L2 children with special educational needs. The book also discusses various age-related considerations and challenges if they are employed to young L2 learners. This will be essential reading for SLA, Child Development, and TESOL researchers, and students in these courses will benefit particularly from pedagogical material like further readings and discussion questions"-- Provided by publisher Introduction: Researching child SLA / Becky H. Huang & Yuko Goto Butler -- Observation and ethnographic methods for researching young learners / Peter Sayer & Susan Ataei -- Surveys and questionnaires with young language learners / Emiko Hirosawa & W. L. Quint Oga-Baldwin -- Using interviews with children in L2 research / Annamaria Pinter -- Verbal reports as a window for understanding mental processes among young learners / Yuko Goto Butler -- Second language speech production methods / Becky H. Huang & Rica Ramírez -- Receptive methods in child bilingualism and second language acquisition / Silvina Montrul, Alexandra Morales-Reyes & Begoña Arechabaleta Regulez -- Eye-tracking methods in child SLA research / Paola E. Dussias & Karen Miller -- Brain-imaging methods / Nia Nickerson & Ioulia Kovelman -- Research methods for L2 children with special needs / Li Sheng & Sharon R. Hollenbach -- Conclusion: Considerations for research methods to study child second language development / Yuko Goto Butler