Programming in Objective- C

A new edition of this title is available, ISBN-10: 0321566157 ISBN-13: 9780321566157 Programming in Objective-C is a concise, carefully written tutorial on the basics of Objective-C and object-oriented programming. The book makes no assumption about prior experience with object-oriented programming languages or with the C language (upon which Objective-C is based). And because of this, both novice and experienced programmers alike can use this book to quickly and effectively learn the fundamentals of Objective-C. Readers can also learn the concepts of object-oriented programming without having to first learn all of the intricacies of the underlying procedural language (C). This approach, combined with many small program examples and exercises at the end of each chapter, makes it ideally suited for either classroom use or self-study. Growth is expected in this language. At the January 2003 MacWorld, it was announced that there are 5 million Mac OS X users and each of their boxes ships with Objective-C built in. Cover......Page 1 Table of Contents......Page 8 1 Introduction......Page 22 Programming......Page 26 Operating Systems......Page 27 Compiling Programs......Page 28 Language Interpreters......Page 31 Compiling Your Program......Page 32 Running Your Program......Page 33 Understanding Your First Program......Page 34 Displaying the Values of Variables......Page 36 Comments......Page 38 Exercises......Page 40 Working with Variables......Page 42 The Basic Integer Type int......Page 44 The Floating Number Type float......Page 45 The Single Character Type char......Page 46 The Boolean Data Type _Bool......Page 47 Type Specifiers: long, long long, short, unsigned, and signed......Page 49 Working with Arithmetic Expressions......Page 51 Integer Arithmetic and the Unary Minus Operator......Page 54 The Modulus Operator......Page 56 Integer and Floating-Point Conversions......Page 57 Combining Operations with Assignment: The Assignment Operators......Page 59 Types _Complex and _Imaginary......Page 60 Exercises......Page 61 5 Program Looping......Page 64 The for Statement......Page 65 Relational Operators......Page 67 Aligning Output......Page 71 Program Input......Page 72 Nested for Loops......Page 74 for Loop Variants......Page 75 The while Statement......Page 77 The do Statement......Page 81 The continue Statement......Page 83 Exercises......Page 84 The if Statement......Page 86 The if-else Construct......Page 90 Compound Relational Tests......Page 93 Nested if Statements......Page 96 The else if Construct......Page 97 The switch Statement......Page 105 Boolean Variables......Page 108 The Conditional Operator......Page 112 Exercises......Page 114 7 Working with Arrays......Page 116 Defining an Array......Page 117 Using Array Elements as Counters......Page 121 Generating Fibonacci Numbers......Page 124 Using an Array to Generate Prime Numbers......Page 125 Initializing Arrays......Page 127 Character Arrays......Page 129 Base Conversion Using Arrays......Page 130 The const Qualifier......Page 132 Multidimensional Arrays......Page 134 Variable-Length Arrays......Page 136 Exercises......Page 138 Defining a Function......Page 140 Arguments and Local Variables......Page 143 Automatic Local Variables......Page 145 Returning Function Results......Page 147 Functions Calling Functions Calling.........Page 152 Declaring Return Types and Argument Types......Page 155 Checking Function Arguments......Page 156 Functions and Arrays......Page 158 Assignment Operators......Page 163 Sorting Arrays......Page 164 Multidimensional Arrays......Page 167 Global Variables......Page 173 Automatic and Static Variables......Page 177 Recursive Functions......Page 180 Exercises......Page 183 9 Working with Structures......Page 186 A Structure for Storing the Date......Page 187 Using Structures in Expressions......Page 189 Functions and Structures......Page 192 A Structure for Storing the Time......Page 198 Initializing Structures......Page 201 Compound Literals......Page 202 Arrays of Structures......Page 203 Structures Containing Structures......Page 206 Structures Containing Arrays......Page 208 Structure Variants......Page 211 Exercises......Page 212 10 Character Strings......Page 216 Arrays of Characters......Page 217 Variable-Length Character Strings......Page 219 Initializing and Displaying Character Strings......Page 222 Testing Two Character Strings for Equality......Page 225 Inputting Character Strings......Page 227 Single-Character Input......Page 229 The Null String......Page 234 Escape Characters......Page 237 More on Constant Strings......Page 239 Character Strings, Structures, and Arrays......Page 240 A Better Search Method......Page 243 Character Operations......Page 248 Exercises......Page 251 Defining a Pointer Variable......Page 256 Using Pointers in Expressions......Page 260 Working with Pointers and Structures......Page 261 Structures Containing Pointers......Page 264 Linked Lists......Page 265 The Keyword const and Pointers......Page 274 Pointers and Functions......Page 275 Pointers and Arrays......Page 280 A Slight Digression About Program Optimization......Page 284 Is It an Array or Is It a Pointer?......Page 285 Pointers to Character Strings......Page 287 Constant Character Strings and Pointers......Page 288 The Increment and Decrement Operators Revisited......Page 289 Operations on Pointers......Page 293 Pointers to Functions......Page 294 Pointers and Memory Addresses......Page 295 Exercises......Page 297 12 Operations on Bits......Page 300 Bit Operators......Page 301 The Bitwise AND Operator......Page 302 The Bitwise Inclusive-OR Operator......Page 304 The Bitwise Exclusive-OR Operator......Page 305 The Ones Complement Operator......Page 306 The Right Shift Operator......Page 308 A Shift Function......Page 309 Rotating Bits......Page 311 Bit Fields......Page 313 Exercises......Page 318 The #define Statement......Page 320 Program Extendability......Page 324 Program Portability......Page 326 More Advanced Types of Definitions......Page 327 The # Operator......Page 333 The #include Statement......Page 334 The #ifdef, #endif, #else, and #ifndef Statements......Page 337 The #if and #elif Preprocessor Statements......Page 339 The #undef Statement......Page 340 Exercises......Page 341 Enumerated Data Types......Page 342 The typedef Statement......Page 346 Data Type Conversions......Page 348 Argument Conversion......Page 350 Exercises......Page 351 Dividing Your Program into Multiple Files......Page 354 Compiling Multiple Source Files from the Command Line......Page 355 External Variables......Page 357 Static Versus Extern Variables and Functions......Page 360 Using Header Files Effectively......Page 362 Other Utilities for Working with Larger Programs......Page 363 The make Utility......Page 364 The cvs Utility......Page 365 Unix Utilities: ar, grep, sed, and so on......Page 366 16 Input and Output Operations in C......Page 368 The printf Function......Page 369 The scanf Function......Page 376 Redirecting I/O to a File......Page 380 End of File......Page 382 The fopen Function......Page 384 The fclose Function......Page 386 The feof Function......Page 388 The fgets and fputs Functions......Page 389 stdin, stdout, and stderr......Page 390 The exit Function......Page 391 Exercises......Page 392 The goto Statement......Page 394 The null Statement......Page 395 Working with Unions......Page 396 The register Qualifier......Page 399 The restrict Qualifier......Page 400 Command-Line Arguments......Page 401 Dynamic Memory Allocation......Page 404 The calloc and malloc Functions......Page 405 The sizeof Operator......Page 406 The free Function......Page 408 Debugging with the Preprocessor......Page 410 Debugging Programs with gdb......Page 416 Working with Variables......Page 419 Source File Display......Page 420 Controlling Program Execution......Page 421 Calling Functions and Setting Arrays and Structures......Page 426 Getting Help with gdb Commands......Page 427 Odds and Ends......Page 429 What Is an Object Anyway?......Page 432 Instances and Methods......Page 433 Writing a C Program to Work with Fractions......Page 434 Defining an Objective-C Class to Work with Fractions......Page 435 Defining a C++ Class to Work with Fractions......Page 440 Defining a C# Class to Work with Fractions......Page 443 1.2 Identifiers......Page 446 2.0 Comments......Page 447 3.2 Floating-Point Constants......Page 448 3.3 Character Constants......Page 449 3.4 Character String Constants......Page 450 4.2 Basic Data Types......Page 451 4.3 Derived Data Types......Page 453 4.5 The typedef Statement......Page 459 5.0 Expressions......Page 460 5.1 Summary of C Operators......Page 461 5.2 Constant Expressions......Page 463 5.3 Arithmetic Operators......Page 464 5.5 Relational Operators......Page 465 5.7 Increment and Decrement Operators......Page 466 5.10 Type Cast Operator......Page 467 5.13 Basic Operations with Arrays......Page 468 5.15 Basic Operations with Pointers......Page 469 5.16 Compound Literals......Page 471 5.17 Conversion of Basic Data Types......Page 472 6.2 Variables......Page 473 7.1 Function Definition......Page 475 7.2 Function Call......Page 476 8.2 The break Statement......Page 477 8.5 The for Statement......Page 478 8.8 The null Statement......Page 479 8.10 The switch Statement......Page 480 9.1 Trigraph Sequences......Page 481 9.2 Preprocessor Directives......Page 482 9.3 Predefined Identifiers......Page 487 ......Page 488 ......Page 489 ......Page 490 String Functions......Page 491 Memory Functions......Page 493 I/O Functions......Page 494 In-Memory Format Conversion Functions......Page 499 String-to-Number Conversion......Page 500 Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions......Page 502 Math Functions......Page 503 Complex Arithmetic......Page 509 General Utility Functions......Page 511 General Command Format......Page 514 Command-Line Options......Page 515 D: Common Programming Mistakes......Page 518 Books......Page 522 CygWin......Page 523 The C# Language......Page 524 Development Tools......Page 525 Index......Page 526 A......Page 527 B......Page 529 C......Page 530 D......Page 535 E......Page 537 F......Page 538 G......Page 544 I......Page 545 L......Page 547 M......Page 548 O......Page 550 P......Page 551 Q - R......Page 556 S......Page 557 U......Page 561 V......Page 562 W - Z......Page 563 1. Introduction -- I. The Objective-c Language -- 2. Programming In Objective-c -- 3. Classes, Objects, And Methods -- 4. Data Types And Expressions -- 5. Program Looping -- 6. Making Decisions -- 7. More On Classes -- 8. Inheritance -- 9. Polymorphism, Dynamic Typing, And Dynamic Binding -- 10. More On Variables And Data Types -- 11. Categories, Posing, And Protocols -- 12. The Preprocessor -- 13. Underlying C Language Features -- Ii. The Foundation Framework -- 14. Introduction To The Foundation Framework -- 15. Numbers, Strings, And Collections -- 16. Working With Files -- 17. Memory Management -- 18. Copying Objects -- 19. Archiving -- Iii. Appendixes -- B. Objective-c Language Summary -- C. Foundation Framework Headers -- D. Fraction And Address Book Examples. Stephen G. Kochan. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [533]-536) And Index. Presents a tutorial on the basics of Objective-C and object-oriented programming. This book helps readers learn the concepts of object-oriented programming. It is useful for novice and experienced programmers alike.