Prefrontal cortex : roles, interventions and traumas

Intellectual disabilities have been related to the dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is located on the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviours, personality expression, and moderating correct social behaviour. This book presents a review of present day evidence of the reduction of the prefrontal cortex; links between abnormalities and functional or clinical features of intellectual disabilities such as schizophrenia. The book presents the latest research from around the world in this field. Cover Neuroanatomy Research at the Leading Edge Series Title Page Copyright Contents Preface Prefrontal Morphology, Neurobiology and Clinical Manifestations of Schizophrenia Department of Psychiatry, Masaryk University and Faculty Hospital Brno Jihlavska 20, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic Abstract A. Introduction B. Neuropathological Findings in the Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia Pattern of Neupathological Neocortical Changes Changes of Cortical Microcircuitry in Schizophrenia Regional Specificity of the Changes Seen in Prefrontal Cortex C. Etiology Neurodevelopment Apoptosis Genetics of Cortical Microcircuits Environment D. Brain Imaging Methods in Schizophrenia Methods: Pros and Cons The Pattern of Morphological Changes ROI-Based Approaches VBM Approaches Dynamics of the Changes E. Clinical Correlates of Prefrontal Morphological Changes Cognitive Functions Symptomathology Treatment F: Specificity of the Morphological Changes High-Risk Subjects Relatives Schizotypal Disorder Bipolar Affective Disorder Substance Abuse Neurotic and Stress Related Disorders Histopathological Correlates of Similar Findings Conclusion Acknowledgment References Prefrontal Cholinergic Receptors: Their Role in the Pathology of Schizophrenia Rebecca L Cooper Research Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, VIC, Australia Abstract Introduction Cognitive Impairment Neuroimaging Studies, Cognition and Schizophrenia The Cholinergic System in Schizophrenia Muscarinic Receptors in Schizophrenia Nicotinic Receptors in Schizophrenia Conclusion References The Interrelationship between Dopamine and Noradrenaline in the Prefrontal Cortex: From Physiology to Therapy Abstract Abbreviations Introduction 1. The Prefrontal Cortex: Brief Overview 2. Dopamine in the Prefrontal Cortex: Innervation and Functions 3. Dopamine Receptors in the Prefrontal Cortex 4. Noradrenergic Innervation and Function in the PFC 5. Dopamine Noradrenaline Interactions the PFC 6. Genetic Variation and Dopamine and Noradrenaline Functioning in the Prefrontal Cortex 7. Prefrontal Cortex Dopamine and Noradrenaline Transmission in Adolescence 8. Amphetamine and Catecholamine Transmission in the Prefrontal Cortex 9. Reduced Effect of Psychostimulants on Catecholamine Transmission in Adolescence 10. Glucocorticoids, Psychostimulants and Catecholamine Transmission 11. Psychiatric Disorders and Catecholamine Transmission in the Prefrontal Cortex 11a. Schizophrenia and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 11b. Depression 12. Modulation of Prefrontal Cortex Transmission in Animal Models of ADHD 13. Release and Reuptake of Dopamine and Noradrenaline in the Prefrontal Cortex 14 Is Dopamine Co-Released with Noradrenaline from Noradrenaline Neurons? 15. Considerations on the Evaluation of Neurotransmitter Function in Prefrontal Cortex Conclusions Acknowledgements References Participation of the Prefrontal Cortex in the Processing of Sexual and Maternal Incentives Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, México Francisco de Quevedo 180, Col. Arcos-Vallarta Guadalajara, Jalisco, México Abstract Introduction The Rat Prefrontal Cortex, Subdivisions and Functions The Motivated Behaviors Male Rat Sexual Behavior Female Rat Sexual Behavior Maternal Behavior in the Rat Neural and Hormonal Regulation of Sexual and Maternal Behaviors In Which Brain Structures Is the Incentive Value of Sexual and Maternal Stimuli Processed? Participation of the Prefrontal Cortex in the Processing of Incentive Stimuli with Sexual or Maternal Meaning Functionality of the Prefrontal Cortex during the Processing of Incentive Stimuli: Electrophysiological Studies A Brief Introduction to Electrophysiological Techniques Prefrontal EEG Activity in Relation to Male Sexual Motivation Prefrontal EEG Activity in Relation to Female Sexual Motivation Prefrontal EEG Activity in Relation to Maternal Motivation Conclusion Acknowledgments References From Conflict to Problem Solution: The Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in the Learning of Memory-Guided and Context-Adequate Behavioral Strategies for Problem-Solving in Gerbils Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany Abstract Introduction Animal Model Transient increase of activity in cortical and prefrontal dopamine systems indicate the formation of relevant associations underlying a successful behavioral strategy Differential Activation of the Dopamine System in Auditory Cortex in Trained, Pseudotrained, and Auditory Control Animals during Avoidance Conditioning Selective Activation of the Prefrontal Dopamine System in the Stage of Strong Increase of Performance during Avoidance Conditioning The Role of the Cortical Dopamine System in Cognition Activation of Prefrontal Dopamine System during Behavioral Strategy Changes from Avoidance to Discrimination Division of the Avoidance Strategy Formation into Discrete Learning Dependent Stages by Characteristic Changes of Cortical Theta Activity Conclusion Acknowledgments References The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Emotional Decision-Making: The Neglected Role of Anxiety Goethe University, Department of General Psychology II Institute of Psychology and Sports Sciences Mertonstr.17, 60054 Frankfurt/Main, Germany Abstract Acknowledgment References PEEF: Premotor Ear-Eye Field. A New Vista of Area 8B Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41100 Modena, Italy Abstract I. Introduction II. Anatomical Background Cytoarchitecture Neuroanatomy III. Lesions Studies IV. Neurophysiology Conclusion Considerations A) Auditory Environmental Neurons B) Auditory-Motor Neurons C) Attentional Processes Why “PEEF”? References Prefrontal Cortex: Its Roles in Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease Revealed by PET aNeurobiology Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia bDepartment of Neurology, the Third Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R.China cDepartment of Radiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA dDepartments of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117597, Singapore References Noradrenergic Actions in Prefrontal Cortex: Relevance to AD/HD Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Abstract Lay Abstract Introduction Prefrontal Cortical Cognitive Dysfunction in AD/HD The Cellular Basis of PFC Cognitive Function PFC Dysfunction in AD/HD NE’s Important Roles in Arousal and Attention Noradrenergic Modulationof PFC Cognitive Function NE Influences on Posterior Cortical Functions NE Influences on Subcortical Functions NE and the Orchestration of Brain Response The Role of NE in Medications that Treat AD/HD Acknowledgments References Prefrontal Cortex: Brodmann and Cajal Revisited 1Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Sunshine Coast, Qld 4562, Australia 2Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience CH-1008 Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract Introduction Brodmann on Prefrontal Cortex Prefrontal Cortex Modern Imaging Studies Why the Confusion? A Glimpse of Circuit Specialisations in Prefrontal Cortex Cajal’s Psychic Cell Conclusion References Developmental Characteristics in Category Generation Reflects Differential Prefrontal Cortex Maturation Abstract Introduction Frontal Lobes and Categorization Method Results Discussion References Index