الگوهای نوشتن دانشگاهی: یک خواننده و راهنمای بلاغی (ویرایش چهاردهم)

Cover......Page 2 Inside Front Cover......Page 3 Title Page......Page 5 Copyright page......Page 6 Preface......Page 8 Contents......Page 17 Thematic Guide to the Contents......Page 45 Henry Louis Gates Jr., “What’s in a Name?”......Page 51 Responding to an Essay......Page 54 Responding to Other Kinds of Texts......Page 60 Part One The Writing Process......Page 61 1 Reading to Write: Becoming a Critical Reader......Page 63 Understanding Critical Reading......Page 65 Previewing......Page 66 Recognizing Verbal Signals......Page 67 Brent Staples: Cutting and Pasting: A Senior Thesis by (Insert Name)......Page 69 Exercise 1......Page 72 Moisés Naím: The YouTube Effect......Page 74 Annotating......Page 76 Checklist Questions for Critical Reading......Page 77 Checklist Reading Visual Texts......Page 80 Exercise 3......Page 81 2 Invention......Page 82 Understanding Your Assignment......Page 84 Purpose......Page 85 Audience......Page 86 Occasion......Page 87 Checklist Setting Limits......Page 88 Exercise 2......Page 89 Questions for Probing......Page 90 Checklist Questions for Probing......Page 91 Exercise 3......Page 92 Freewriting......Page 93 A Student Writer: Freewriting......Page 94 Exercise 6......Page 95 Journal Writing......Page 96 A Student Writer: Journal Writing......Page 97 Grouping Ideas......Page 99 A Student Writer: Clustering......Page 101 Making an Informal Outline......Page 102 Exercise 7......Page 103 Understanding Thesis and Support......Page 104 Defining the Thesis Statement......Page 106 Stating Your Thesis......Page 107 Exercise 8......Page 110 Exercise 10......Page 111 Exercise 11......Page 112 3 Arrangement......Page 113 Checklist Recognizing a Pattern......Page 114 The Introduction......Page 116 The Body Paragraphs......Page 119 Checklist Effective Support......Page 124 Exercise 3......Page 126 The Conclusion......Page 127 Checklist What Not to Do in a Conclusion......Page 128 Exercise 4......Page 129 Checklist Constructing a Formal Outline......Page 130 A Student Writer: Constructing a Formal Outline......Page 131 Exercise 5......Page 132 4 Drafting and Revising......Page 133 A Student Writer: Writing a First Draft......Page 135 Exercise 1......Page 136 Revising Your Essay......Page 137 Checklist Revising......Page 138 Revising with Your Instructor’s Written Comments......Page 139 Revising in a Conference......Page 140 Checklist Guidelines for Peer Editing......Page 141 Strategies for Revising......Page 143 Peer-Editing Worksheet......Page 145 The Body Paragraphs......Page 147 A Student Writer: Revising a Second Draft......Page 148 The Body Paragraphs......Page 150 The Title......Page 151 A Student Writer: Preparing a Final Draft......Page 152 Exercise 4......Page 154 5 Editing and Proofreading......Page 155 Be Sure Verb Tenses Are Accurate and Consistent......Page 157 Be Sure Sentences Are Complete......Page 158 Be Careful to Avoid Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers......Page 159 Be Sure Sentence Elements Are Parallel......Page 160 Checklist Editing for Grammar......Page 161 Learn When to Use Commas — and When Not to Use Them......Page 163 Learn When to Use Apostrophes......Page 164 Learn When to Use Dashes and Colons......Page 165 Exercise 2......Page 166 Eliminate Awkward Phrasing......Page 167 Be Sure Your Sentences Are Varied......Page 168 Checklist Editing for Sentence Style and Word Choice......Page 169 Exercise 3......Page 170 Checklist Proofreading......Page 171 Exercise 4......Page 172 Checking Your Paper’s Format......Page 173 Exercise 5......Page 174 Part Two Readings for Writers......Page 175 6 Narration......Page 177 What Is Narration?......Page 180 Using Narration......Page 181 Including Enough Detail......Page 182 Using Correct Verb Tenses.......Page 183 Using Transitions.......Page 184 Structuring a Narrative Essay......Page 185 Revision Checklist Narration......Page 188 Grammar in Context Avoiding Run-Ons......Page 189 A Student Writer: Literacy Narrative......Page 190 Thesis Statement.......Page 192 Focus on Revision......Page 193 A Student Writer: Narration......Page 194 Thesis Statement.......Page 196 Verb Tense.......Page 197 Focus on Revision......Page 198 Peer-Editing Worksheet Narration......Page 199 Marjane Satrapi: from Persepolis II (Graphic Fiction)*......Page 200 Thematic Connections......Page 202 Junot Díaz: The Money......Page 203 Style and Structure......Page 206 Thematic Connections......Page 207 Ocean Vuong: Surrendering......Page 208 Style and Structure......Page 211 Thematic Connections......Page 212 Bonnie Smith-Yackel: My Mother Never Worked......Page 214 Purpose and Audience......Page 218 Thematic Connections......Page 219 Martin Gansberg: Thirty-Eight Who Saw Murder Didn’t Call the Police......Page 220 Purpose and Audience......Page 224 Thematic Connections......Page 225 George Orwell: Shooting an Elephant......Page 227 Purpose and Audience......Page 234 Writing Workshop......Page 235 Thematic Connections......Page 236 Sherman Alexie: Indian Education (Fiction)......Page 237 Reading Literature......Page 243 Thematic Connections......Page 244 Writing Assignments for Narration......Page 245 Collaborative Activity for Narration......Page 247 7 Description......Page 248 What Is Description?......Page 251 Understanding Objective Description......Page 253 Understanding Subjective Description......Page 256 Using Objective and Subjective Language......Page 258 Selecting Details......Page 259 Using Transitions......Page 261 Sample Outline: Descriptive Essay......Page 263 Revision Checklist Description......Page 265 Grammar in Context Avoiding Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers......Page 266 Editing Checklist Description......Page 267 A Student Writer: Objective Description......Page 268 Figurative Language.......Page 270 Focus on Revision......Page 271 A Student Writer: Subjective Description......Page 272 Subjective Description.......Page 273 Working with Sources.......Page 274 Peer-Editing Worksheet Description......Page 275 Reading Images......Page 277 Thematic Connections......Page 278 Bich Minh Nguyen: Goodbye to My Twinkie Days......Page 279 Comprehension......Page 281 Writing Workshop......Page 282 Thematic Connections......Page 283 Suzanne Berne: Ground Zero......Page 284 Style and Structure......Page 288 Thematic Connections......Page 289 Marina Keegan: Stability in Motion......Page 290 Style and Structure......Page 295 Thematic Connections......Page 296 Heather Rogers: The Hidden Life of Garbage......Page 297 Style and Structure......Page 301 Thematic Connections......Page 302 E. B. White: Once More to the Lake......Page 303 Purpose and Audience......Page 309 Thematic Connections......Page 310 Kate Chopin: The Storm (Fiction)......Page 312 Reading Literature......Page 317 Thematic Connections......Page 318 Writing Assignments for Description......Page 319 Collaborative Activity for Description......Page 320 8 Exemplification......Page 321 What Is Exemplification?......Page 325 Using Examples to Explain and Clarify......Page 326 Using Examples to Persuade......Page 327 Providing Enough Examples......Page 329 Choosing a Fair Range of Examples......Page 330 Using Transitions......Page 331 Structuring an Exemplification Essay......Page 332 Revision Checklist Exemplification......Page 334 Grammar in Context Using Commas in a Series......Page 335 A Student Writer: Exemplification......Page 336 Persuasive Examples......Page 338 A Student Writer: Exemplification......Page 339 Organization......Page 341 Effective Examples......Page 342 Peer-Editing Worksheet Exemplification......Page 343 Charles Thatcher, Carrie Villines, Guido Koppes, and Anthony Bradshaw*: Four Tattoos (Photos)......Page 345 Thematic Connections......Page 347 Zeynep Tufekci: Why the Post Office Makes America Great......Page 349 Purpose and Audience......Page 352 Combining the Patterns......Page 353 Thematic Connections......Page 354 Judith Ortiz Cofer: The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria......Page 355 Purpose and Audience......Page 361 Writing Workshop......Page 362 Thematic Connections......Page 363 Brent Staples: Just Walk On By: A Black Man Ponders His Power to Alter Public Space......Page 364 Comprehension......Page 368 Writing Workshop......Page 369 Thematic Connections......Page 370 Deborah L. Rhode: Why Looks Are the Last Bastion of Discrimination......Page 371 Purpose and Audience......Page 376 Thematic Connections......Page 377 Maia Szalavitz: Ten Ways We Get the Odds Wrong......Page 379 Risk and emotion are inseparable.......Page 380 We underestimate threats that creep up on us.......Page 381 We substitute one risk for another.......Page 382 Why using your cortex isn’t always smart.......Page 383 Risk arguments cannot be divorced from values.......Page 384 Why worrying about risk is itself risky.......Page 385 Style and Structure......Page 386 Writing Workshop......Page 387 Thematic Connections......Page 388 Jamaica Kincaid: “Girl” (Fiction)......Page 389 Thematic Connections......Page 391 Writing Assignments for Exemplification......Page 392 Collaborative Activity for Exemplification......Page 393 9 Process......Page 394 Understanding Instructions......Page 398 Understanding Process Explanations......Page 399 Using Process......Page 400 Using Transitions......Page 401 Structuring a Process Essay......Page 403 Revision Checklist Process......Page 405 Grammar in Context Avoiding Unnecessary Shifts......Page 406 Editing Checklist Process......Page 408 A Student Writer: Instructions......Page 409 Transitions.......Page 412 Working with Sources.......Page 413 A Student Writer: Process Explanation......Page 414 Purpose and Style.......Page 415 Focus on Revision......Page 416 Peer-Editing Worksheet Process......Page 417 National Geographic: Yellowstone Fires, Past and Future......Page 419 Thematic Connections......Page 420 Naomi Rosenberg: How to Tell a Mother Her Child Is Dead......Page 421 Purpose and Audience......Page 424 Writing Workshop......Page 425 Thematic Connections......Page 426 Stanley Fish: Getting Coffee Is Hard to Do......Page 427 Comprehension......Page 429 Journal Entry......Page 430 Thematic Connections......Page 431 1. Locate a mountain castle.......Page 432 3. Gather your materials.......Page 433 10. Relax and enjoy your success.......Page 435 Journal Entry......Page 436 Thematic Connections......Page 437 Arthur Miller: Get It Right: Privatize Executions......Page 438 Purpose and Audience......Page 441 Combining the Patterns......Page 442 Thematic Connections......Page 443 Jessica Mitford: The Embalming of Mr. Jones......Page 444 Journal Entry......Page 450 Thematic Connections......Page 451 Shirley Jackson: The Lottery (Fiction)......Page 452 Thematic Connections......Page 461 Writing Assignments for Process......Page 462 Collaborative Activity for Process......Page 463 10 Cause and Effect......Page 464 What Is Cause and Effect?......Page 467 The Case of the Losing Team.......Page 469 The Case of the Car-Free Millennials.......Page 470 Understanding Main and Contributory Causes......Page 471 The Case of the Hartford Roof Collapse.......Page 472 Reconsidering the Hartford Roof Collapse.......Page 473 The Case of the Disappearing Bicycle.......Page 474 The Case of the Magical Maggots.......Page 475 The Case of the Female Centenarians.......Page 476 Developing a Thesis Statement......Page 477 Using Transitions......Page 478 Finding Causes......Page 479 Describing or Predicting Effects......Page 480 Revision Checklist Cause and Effect......Page 483 Grammar in Context Avoiding “The reason is because”; Using Affect and Effect Correctly......Page 484 A Student Writer: Cause and Effect......Page 485 Structure.......Page 487 Answering an Exam Question.......Page 488 Peer-Editing Worksheet Cause and Effect......Page 489 Journal Entry......Page 491 Thematic Connections......Page 492 Josh Barro: Why Stealing Cars Went Out of Fashion......Page 493 Journal Entry......Page 496 Thematic Connections......Page 497 Maggie Koerth-Baker: Why Rational People Buy into Conspiracy Theories......Page 498 Comprehension......Page 502 Writing Workshop......Page 503 Thematic Connections......Page 504 Simon Cottee: What Motivates Terrorists?......Page 505 Comprehension......Page 509 Writing Workshop......Page 510 Thematic Connections......Page 511 Linda M. Hasselstrom: A Peaceful Woman Explains Why She Carries a Gun......Page 512 Purpose and Audience......Page 517 Thematic Connections......Page 518 Karen Miller Pensiero: Photos That Change History......Page 519 Comprehension......Page 526 Writing Workshop......Page 527 Thematic Connections......Page 528 Janice Mirikitani: Suicide Note (Poetry)......Page 529 Thematic Connections......Page 532 Writing Assignments for Cause and Effect......Page 533 Collaborative Activity for Cause and Effect......Page 535 11 Comparison and Contrast......Page 536 What Is Comparison and Contrast?......Page 540 Using Comparison and Contrast......Page 542 Recognizing Comparison-and-Contrast Assignments......Page 543 Establishing a Basis for Comparison......Page 544 Developing a Thesis Statement......Page 545 Using Subject-by-Subject Comparison......Page 547 Using Point-by-Point Comparison......Page 548 Using Transitions......Page 549 Revision Checklist Comparison and Contrast......Page 551 Grammar in Context Using Parallelism......Page 552 A Student Writer: Subject-by-Subject Comparison......Page 553 Selecting Points for Comparison.......Page 556 Topic Sentences.......Page 557 A Student Writer: Point-by-Point Comparison......Page 558 Points for Special Attention......Page 562 Topic Sentences.......Page 563 Working with Sources.......Page 564 Peer-Editing Worksheet Comparison and Contrast......Page 565 Auguste Rodin: The Kiss (Sculpture)......Page 567 Robert Indiana: LOVE (Sculpture)......Page 569 Thematic Connections......Page 570 Bruce Catton: Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrasts......Page 571 Style and Structure......Page 575 Thematic Connections......Page 576 Juan Williams: Songs of the Summer of 1963 . . . and Today......Page 578 Journal Entry......Page 582 Thematic Connections......Page 583 Amy Chua: Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior......Page 584 Comprehension......Page 589 Writing Workshop......Page 590 Thematic Connections......Page 591 Ellen Laird: I’m Your Teacher, Not Your Internet-Service Provider......Page 592 Even Cinderella had a deadline.......Page 594 There are no sick or personal days in cyberspace.......Page 595 Comprehension......Page 596 Writing Workshop......Page 597 Thematic Connections......Page 598 Deborah Tannen: Sex, Lies, and Conversation......Page 599 Linguistic Battle of the Sexes......Page 600 Listening to Body Language......Page 602 The Sounds of Silence......Page 603 Journal Entry......Page 605 Thematic Connections......Page 606 Isabel Wilkerson: Emmett Till and Tamir Rice, Sons of the Great Migration......Page 607 Journal Entry......Page 612 Thematic Connections......Page 613 William Shakespeare: Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?......Page 614 Journal Entry......Page 615 Thematic Connections......Page 616 Writing Assignments for Comparison and Contrast......Page 617 Collaborative Activity for Comparison and Contrast......Page 618 12 Classification and Division......Page 619 What Is Classification and Division?......Page 622 Understanding Division......Page 623 Using Classification and Division......Page 624 Developing a Thesis Statement......Page 625 Using Transitions......Page 626 Structuring a Classification-and-Division Essay......Page 628 Revision Checklist Classification and Division......Page 631 Grammar in Context Using a Colon to Introduce Your Categories......Page 632 A Student Writer: Classification and Division......Page 633 Working with Sources.......Page 636 Transitions between Categories.......Page 637 Peer-Editing Worksheet Classification and Division......Page 638 Coffee Types......Page 640 Thematic Connections......Page 641 Olga Khazan: The Three Types of Happiness......Page 642 Comprehension......Page 644 Journal Entry......Page 645 Thematic Connections......Page 646 Carolyn Foster Segal: The Dog Ate My Tablet, and Other Tales of Woe......Page 647 The Family......Page 648 The Evils of Technology......Page 649 The Totally Bizarre......Page 650 Purpose and Audience......Page 651 Combining the Patterns......Page 652 Thematic Connections......Page 653 Amy Tan: Mother Tongue......Page 654 Comprehension......Page 660 Journal Entry......Page 661 Thematic Connections......Page 662 Stephanie Ericsson: The Ways We Lie......Page 663 Facades......Page 665 Deflecting......Page 666 Omission......Page 667 Stereotypes and Clichés......Page 668 Out-and-Out Lies......Page 669 Delusion......Page 670 Style and Structure......Page 672 Thematic Connections......Page 673 Henry Reed: Naming of Parts......Page 674 Thematic Connections......Page 676 Writing Assignments for Classification and Division......Page 677 Collaborative Activity for Classification and Division......Page 678 13 Definition......Page 679 Understanding Formal Definitions......Page 682 Understanding Extended Definitions......Page 683 Using Definition......Page 685 Exemplification......Page 686 Classification and division......Page 687 Structuring a Definition Essay......Page 689 Revision Checklist Definition......Page 692 Grammar in Context Avoiding is when and is where......Page 693 A Student Writer: Definition......Page 694 Thesis Statement.......Page 697 Focus on Revision......Page 698 Peer-Editing Worksheet Definition......Page 699 U.S. Census Bureau: U.S. Census 2010 Form (Questionnaire)......Page 701 Thematic Connections......Page 702 Judy Brady: I Want a Wife......Page 703 Journal Entry......Page 706 Thematic Connections......Page 707 José Antonio Burciaga: Tortillas......Page 708 Comprehension......Page 710 Writing Workshop......Page 711 Thematic Connections......Page 712 Amy Wilentz: A Zombie Is a Slave Forever......Page 713 Purpose and Audience......Page 716 Combining the Patterns......Page 717 Thematic Connections......Page 718 Richard Posner: On Plagiarism......Page 719 Purpose and Audience......Page 722 Thematic Connections......Page 723 Emily Dickinson: “Hope” is the thing with feathers......Page 724 Thematic Connections......Page 725 Writing Assignments for Definition......Page 726 Collaborative Activity for Definition......Page 728 14 Argumentation......Page 729 What Is Argumentation?......Page 736 Understanding Argumentation and Persuasion......Page 738 Developing a Thesis......Page 740 Gathering and Documenting Evidence......Page 741 Kinds of Evidence.......Page 742 Criteria for Evidence.......Page 743 Dealing with the Opposition......Page 744 Understanding Rogerian Argument......Page 745 Checklist Guidelines for Using Rogerian Argument......Page 746 Using Deductive Arguments......Page 747 Using Inductive Arguments......Page 749 Using Toulmin Logic......Page 751 Argument from Analogy.......Page 752 Equivocation.......Page 753 Misleading Statistics.......Page 754 Using Transitions......Page 755 Structuring an Argumentative Essay......Page 757 Revision Checklist Argumentation......Page 760 Grammar in Context Using Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunctions......Page 761 Editing Checklist Argumentation......Page 763 A Student Writer: Argumentation......Page 764 Choosing a Topic.......Page 766 Organization.......Page 767 Peer-Editing Worksheet Argumentation......Page 768 StopTextsStopWrecks.org: You Don’t Want Them Responding to Your Text (Ad)......Page 770 Thematic Connections......Page 772 Thomas Jefferson: The Declaration of Independence......Page 773 Comprehension......Page 777 Journal Entry......Page 778 Thematic Connections......Page 779 Rachel Carson: The Obligation to Endure......Page 780 Purpose and Audience......Page 787 Writing Workshop......Page 788 Thematic Connections......Page 789 Martin Luther King Jr.: Letter from Birmingham Jail......Page 790 Journal Entry......Page 806 Thematic Connections......Page 807 *Debate: Should Public Colleges and Universities Be Free?......Page 808 Aaron Bady: Public Universities Should Be Free......Page 811 Let There Be Light......Page 813 Open Roads and Toll Roads......Page 814 Purpose and Audience......Page 815 Writing Workshop......Page 816 Thematic Connections......Page 817 Matt Bruenig: The Case against Free College......Page 818 Comprehension......Page 821 Writing Workshop......Page 822 Thematic Connections......Page 823 *Debate: Does It Pay to Study the Humanities?......Page 824 Leon Wieseltier: Perhaps Culture Is Now the Counterculture: A Defense of the Humanities......Page 827 Style and Structure......Page 831 Thematic Connections......Page 832 Critical Thinking and the Scientific Process First — Humanities Later......Page 833 So What Is Wrong with Today’s Typical Liberal Arts Degree?......Page 834 So What Should Non-Professional Elite Education Entail?......Page 840 Lots of Things Are Important but What Are the Most Important Goals of an Education?......Page 845 Journal Entry......Page 847 Thematic Connections......Page 848 *Casebook: Do College Students Need Trigger Warnings?......Page 849 Geoffrey R. Stone: Free Expression in Peril......Page 852 Style and Structure......Page 860 Thematic Connections......Page 861 Sophie Downes: Trigger Warnings, Safe Spaces, and Free Speech, Too......Page 862 Journal Entry......Page 865 Thematic Connections......Page 866 Jennifer Medina: Warning: The Literary Canon Could Make Students Squirm......Page 867 Style and Structure......Page 871 Thematic Connections......Page 872 Soraya Chemaly: What’s Really Important about “Trigger Warnings”......Page 873 Style and Structure......Page 878 Thematic Connections......Page 879 *Casebook: Do Guns Have a Place on College Campuses?......Page 880 Andrew Wilson: Why I Wouldn’t Go to the University of Texas Law School......Page 883 Comprehension......Page 885 Journal Entry......Page 886 Thematic Connections......Page 887 Students for Gun-Free Schools: Why Our Campuses Are Safer without Concealed Handguns......Page 888 2. More Guns on Campus Would Create Additional Risk for Students......Page 890 3. Shooters Would Not Be Deterred by Concealed Carry Permit Holders......Page 891 4. Concealed Carry Permit Holders Are Not Always “Law-Abiding” Citizens......Page 892 5. Concealed Carry Permit Holders Are Not Required to Have Law Enforcement Training......Page 894 Journal Entry......Page 896 Thematic Connections......Page 897 Students for Concealed Carry: Why Our Campuses Are Not Safer without Concealed Handguns......Page 898 1. Concealed Handguns Would Not Detract from a Healthy Learning Environment......Page 900 2. More Guns on Campus Would Create Little If Any Additional Risk for Students......Page 901 3. Shooters May or May Not Be Deterred by Concealed Carry Permit Holders, but Deterring Shooting Sprees Is Only One of Several Potential Benefits......Page 903 4. Concealed Carry Permit Holders Are Not Always “Law-Abiding” Citizens, but They’re Statistically More Law-Abiding Than Most......Page 904 5. Concealed Carry Permit Holders Are Not Required to Have Law Enforcement Training Because They’re Not Law Enforcement Officers......Page 907 Comprehension......Page 909 Journal Entry......Page 910 Thematic Connections......Page 911 Timothy Wheeler: There’s a Reason They Choose Schools......Page 912 Comprehension......Page 915 Journal Entry......Page 916 Thematic Connections......Page 917 Writing Assignments for Argumentation......Page 918 Collaborative Activity for Argumentation......Page 920 15 Combining the Patterns......Page 922 Structuring an Essay by Combining the Patterns......Page 925 Grammar in Context Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns......Page 927 A Student Writer: Combining the Patterns......Page 929 Detail.......Page 932 Peer-Editing Worksheet Combining the Patterns......Page 933 Lars Eighner: On Dumpster Diving......Page 935 Comprehension......Page 949 Journal Entry......Page 950 Thematic Connections......Page 951 David Kirby: Inked Well......Page 952 Purpose and Audience......Page 957 Thematic Connections......Page 958 Donald Kagan: On Patriotism......Page 959 Comprehension......Page 967 Journal Entry......Page 968 Thematic Connections......Page 969 Jonathan Swift: A Modest Proposal......Page 970 Style and Structure......Page 979 Thematic Connections......Page 980 Writing Assignments for Combining the Patterns......Page 981 Collaborative Activity for Combining the Patterns......Page 982 Part Three Working with Sources......Page 983 16 Finding and Evaluating Sources......Page 985 Finding Information in the Library......Page 986 Exercise 1......Page 987 Doing a subject search.......Page 988 Finding Useful Information......Page 989 Exercise 2......Page 990 Is the source accurate?......Page 991 Is the source objective?......Page 992 Exercise 3......Page 993 17 Integrating Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism......Page 994 Paraphrasing......Page 996 Exercise 1......Page 997 Exercise 2......Page 998 Exercise 3......Page 999 Integrating Source Material into Your Writing......Page 1000 Synthesizing......Page 1001 Exercise 4......Page 1002 Avoiding Plagiarism......Page 1003 1. Identify Your Source......Page 1005 3. Use Your Own Wording......Page 1006 Exercise 5......Page 1007 Exercise 6......Page 1008 18 Documenting Sources: MLA......Page 1009 3. When you are citing an indirect source......Page 1010 4. When you are citing a source without page numbers......Page 1011 Journal Articles.......Page 1013 Books......Page 1015 Internet Sources......Page 1020 Other Internet Sources......Page 1023 Other Nonprint Sources......Page 1024 Model Student Research Paper in MLA Style......Page 1026 Using Parenthetical References......Page 1034 Internet Sources......Page 1036 Philip Lau, The Limitations of Wikipedia (Student Essay in APA Style)......Page 1039 Glossary......Page 1051 Acknowledgments......Page 1066 A......Page 1074 B......Page 1077 C......Page 1079 D......Page 1085 E......Page 1088 F......Page 1091 G......Page 1092 H......Page 1093 I......Page 1094 J......Page 1096 K......Page 1097 L......Page 1098 M......Page 1099 N......Page 1101 O......Page 1102 P......Page 1103 Q......Page 1107 R......Page 1108 S......Page 1110 T......Page 1113 U......Page 1115 V......Page 1116 W......Page 1117 Y......Page 1119 Z......Page 1120 Inside Back Cover......Page 1121 Backcover......Page 1122