Nursing Assistant: A Nursing Process Approach - Basics

learn To Become A Certified Nursing Assistant Qualified For The Acute Care, Home Care, And Long-term Care Settings With The Leading Textbook In Nursing Assistant Education. This Basics Edition Of Nursing Assistant: A Nursing Process Approach Is Your Competency-based Resource, With Over 100 Procedures Presented In An Easy To Read, Step-by-step Format With Over 1,000 Photos And Drawings To Illustrate Key Skills. doody Review Services reviewer: janice K. Warrington, Msned, Rn(delaware Technical & Community College) description: this Is A Textbook For Those Wishing To Become Certified Nursing Assistants. purpose: it Provides Basic, Need-to-know Information For Individuals Learning To Practice The Art Of Nursing As Basic Caregivers. This Is Certainly A Worthy Objective And The Book Provides Basic Information. audience: nursing Assistant Students Are The Intended Audience. Barbara Hegner, Ms, Rn, Is Former Professor Emeritus, Long Beach City College. Barbara Acello, Ms, Rn, An Independent Nurse Consultant And Educator, Has Worked In Long-term Care For More Than 33 Years And Helped To Write And Develop Mandatory State Curricula For Nurse Aides And Emts. features: the Book Provides Detailed Descriptions For The Various Procedures Involved In Providing Basic Nursing Care -- Bed Making, Bathing, Mobility, And So On. It Includes Unit Reviews And Testing Material, Detailed Procedures, And Text Alerts On Cultural Aspects Of Care, Critical Information, And Safety Issues. The Many Color Illustrations And Pictures Are, For The Most Part, Relevant, But Some Are Outdated. More Importantly, In Some Cases, The Book Does Not Provide The Most Current Evidence-based Practice Regarding Procedures And The Abbreviations List Includes Abbreviations That Are No Longer Being Used, According To Patient Safety Guidelines. assessment: this Is A Good Basic Care Book. The Next Edition Hopefully Will Include More Up-to-date Evidence-based Practice And Guidelines Based On Patient Safety Guidelines. Front Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright......Page 3 Brief Contents ......Page 4 Contents......Page 5 List of Procedures......Page 11 About the Authors......Page 15 Preface......Page 16 Acknowledgments......Page 19 How to Use This Textbook......Page 20 SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION TO NURSING ASSISTING......Page 23 Introduction......Page 24 Overview of Health Care......Page 25 Health Care Services......Page 26 Regulatory Agencies......Page 27 Quality Assurance......Page 28 The Interdisciplinary Health Care Team......Page 30 Regulation of Nursing Assignment Practice......Page 34 The Role and Responsibilities of the Nursing Assistant......Page 35 Evidence-Based Practice......Page 36 Lines of Authority......Page 37 Your Workday: Managing an Assignment......Page 38 Organizing Your Time......Page 39 Personal Vocational Adjustments......Page 41 Consumer Rights......Page 47 Responsibilities of Health Care Consumers......Page 53 Ethics Questions......Page 55 Legal Issues......Page 57 Sexual Harassment......Page 59 SECTION 2: SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES......Page 61 Unit 5 Medical Terminology and Body Organization......Page 62 Medical Terminology......Page 63 Body Organization......Page 71 Organization of the Body......Page 73 Respiratory System Structure and Function......Page 75 Circulatory System Structure and Function......Page 76 Urinary System Structure and Function......Page 80 Endocrine System Structure and Function......Page 81 Integumentary System Structure and Function......Page 82 Nervous System Structure and Function......Page 83 The Sensory Organs......Page 88 Gastrointestinal System Structure and Function......Page 90 Musculoskeletal System Structure and Function......Page 91 Reproductive System Structure and Function......Page 94 Disease......Page 99 Therapy......Page 101 Body Defenses......Page 102 SECTION 3: BASIC HUMAN NEEDS AND COMMUNICATION......Page 104 Elements of Communication......Page 105 Communication in Health Care......Page 107 Communicating with Staff Members......Page 108 Communicating with Patients......Page 110 Guidelines for Communicating with Patients......Page 111 Guidelines for Communicating with Patients from Other Cultures......Page 112 Working with Interpreters......Page 113 Nursing Process......Page 115 Making Observations......Page 122 Reporting......Page 124 Documentation......Page 125 Confidentiality and Privacy......Page 129 Guidelines for Documentation on the Computerized Medical Record......Page 130 Guidelines for Charting......Page 131 Introduction......Page 133 Human Growth and Development......Page 134 Physical Needs......Page 138 Emotional Needs......Page 139 Spiritual Needs......Page 140 Human Touch......Page 141 Noise Control......Page 143 Pain......Page 145 Sleep......Page 150 Nursing Assistant Measures to Promote Comfort, Rest, and Sleep......Page 151 Introduction......Page 154 Race, Ethnicity, and Culture......Page 155 SECTION 4: INFECTION AND INFECTION CONTROL......Page 160 Unit 12 Infection......Page 161 Microbes......Page 163 The Chain of Infection......Page 164 Transmission of Disease......Page 165 Types of Infections......Page 167 How Pathogens Affect the Body......Page 168 Serious Infections in Health Care Facilities......Page 169 Parasites......Page 172 Unit 13 Infection Control......Page 176 Guidelines for Maintaining Medical Asepsis......Page 177 Standard Precautions......Page 180 Guidelines for Standard Precautions......Page 181 Transmission-Based Precautions......Page 182 Personal Protective Equipment......Page 186 Equipment......Page 192 Transporting the Patient In Isolation......Page 195 Surgical Asepsis......Page 198 SECTION 5: SAFETY AND MOBILITY......Page 200 Introduction......Page 201 The Patient Environment......Page 203 Safety Measures......Page 205 Equipment and Care of Equipment......Page 207 Fire Safety......Page 208 Guidelines for Violence Prevention......Page 210 Nursing Assistant Safety......Page 211 Patient Safety......Page 215 Use of Physical Restraints......Page 216 Guidelines for The Use of Restraints......Page 223 Introduction to Procedures......Page 225 Body Mechanics for the Patient......Page 229 Basic Body Positions......Page 231 Nursing Assistant Safety......Page 243 Types of Transfers......Page 244 Guidelines for Safe Patient Transfers......Page 245 Ambulation......Page 264 Assistive Devices......Page 265 Guidelines for Safe Ambulation......Page 266 Wheelchair Mobility......Page 270 Guidelines for Wheelchair and Stretcher Safety......Page 272 Positioning a Dependent Patient in a Chair or Wheelchair......Page 273 Guidelines for Chair and Wheelchair Positioning......Page 275 SECTION 6: MEASURING AND RECORDING VITAL SIGNS, HEIGHT, AND WEIGHT......Page 277 Temperature Values......Page 278 Documentation......Page 282 Guidelines for Measuring Temperature Using a Sheath-Covered Glass or Digital Thermometer......Page 283 The Pulse......Page 292 Respiration......Page 295 Introduction......Page 299 Equipment......Page 300 Measuring the Blood Pressure......Page 301 Guidelines for Preparing to Measure Blood Pressure......Page 302 Pulse Oximeters......Page 304 Guidelines for Electronic Blood Pressure Monitoring......Page 306 Weight and Height Measurements......Page 309 Guidelines for Obtaining Accurate Weight and Height Measurements......Page 311 SECTION 7: PATIENT CARE AND COMFORT MEASURES......Page 316 Admission......Page 317 Family Dynamics......Page 319 Guidelines for Family Dynamics......Page 320 Transfer......Page 323 Discharge......Page 324 Operation and Uses of Beds in Health Care Facilities......Page 326 Guidelines for Low Beds......Page 327 Bedmaking......Page 328 Introduction......Page 338 Whirlpool Bath......Page 339 Guidelines for Patient Bathing......Page 340 Perineal Care......Page 350 Hand, Foot, and Nail Care......Page 354 Guidelines for Providing Hand, Foot, and Nail Care......Page 355 Shampooing the Hair......Page 356 Guidelines for Dressing and Undressing Patients......Page 359 AM Care and PM Care......Page 363 Oral Hygiene......Page 364 Dentures......Page 367 Backrubs......Page 371 Guidelines for Applying Lotion to the Patient’s Skin......Page 372 Daily Shaving......Page 373 Guidelines for Safety in Shaving......Page 374 Daily Hair Care......Page 375 Comfort Devices......Page 376 SECTION 8: PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION, HYDRATION, AND ELIMINATION......Page 379 Unit 26 Urinary Elimination......Page 380 Common Conditions......Page 381 Responsibilities of the Nursing Assistant......Page 383 Elimination Needs......Page 384 Guidelines for Caring for the Patient with Incontinence......Page 388 Fluid Balance......Page 389 Diagnostic Tests......Page 391 Guidelines for Collecting 24-Hour Urine Specimens......Page 394 Urinary Drainage......Page 397 Abdominal Drainage......Page 408 Changes in Digestive System Function Associated with Aging and Disease......Page 410 Common Conditions of the Gastrointestinal System......Page 411 Problems Related to the Lower Bowel......Page 412 Assisting with Bowel Elimination......Page 414 Special Diagnostic Tests Using Stool Specimens......Page 415 Guidelines for Giving Enemas......Page 417 Rectal Suppositories......Page 423 Ostomies......Page 424 Guidelines for Caring for an Ostomy......Page 426 Normal Nutrition......Page 430 Basic Facility Diets......Page 432 Special Diets......Page 434 Calorie Counts and Food Intake Studies......Page 437 Prevention of Foodborne Illness......Page 439 Assisting Patients with Meals......Page 440 Documenting Meal Intake......Page 443 Alternative Nutrition......Page 444 SECTION 9: CARING FOR PATIENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS......Page 447 Unit 29 Caring for the Perioperative Patient......Page 448 Surgical Care......Page 449 Surgical Wounds......Page 452 Deep Breathing and Coughing......Page 454 Leg Exercises......Page 457 Guidelines for Applying Anti-Embolism Stockings......Page 458 Initial Ambulation......Page 460 Heat and Cold Applications......Page 461 Elimination......Page 463 Introduction......Page 465 Guidelines for Assisting a Patient Who Is Upset, Anxious, or Agitated......Page 466 Affective Disorders......Page 467 Guidelines for Assisting the Patient Who Is Depressed......Page 468 Guidelines for Suicide Precautions......Page 469 Assisting Patients to Cope......Page 470 Maladaptive Behaviors......Page 471 Professional Boundaries......Page 473 Guidelines for Assisting Patients Who Have Behavior Problems......Page 474 Patients Who Are Mentally Retarded or Developmentally Disabled......Page 476 Caring for Patients Who Have Dementia......Page 477 Guidelines for Activities of Daily Living for Patients with Dementia......Page 482 Special Problems......Page 483 Observations......Page 488 Introduction......Page 490 Weight and Body Mass Index......Page 492 Patient Care......Page 493 Introduction......Page 504 Five Stages of Grief......Page 505 The Patient Self-Determination Act......Page 507 Providing for Spiritual Needs......Page 508 Physical Changes as Death Approaches......Page 509 Organ Donations......Page 510 SECTION 10: OTHER HEALTH CARE SETTINGS......Page 513 The Home Health Caregiver......Page 514 The Nursing Bag......Page 515 Guidelines for Nursing Bag Supplies......Page 516 Home Health Care Duties......Page 517 The Home Environment......Page 519 Infection Control......Page 520 Housekeeping Tasks......Page 521 SECTION 11: BODY SYSTEMS, COMMON DISORDERS, AND RELATED CARE PROCEDURES......Page 524 Aging Changes......Page 525 Skin Lesions......Page 527 Pressure Ulcers......Page 528 Guidelines for Preventing Pressure Ulcers......Page 533 Actions to Take When Breakdown Occurs......Page 534 Burns......Page 536 Applying a Clean Dressing......Page 537 Unit 36 Caring for Patients with Cardiopulmonary Disorders......Page 542 Disorders of the Circulatory System......Page 543 Heart Conditions......Page 546 Respiratory Conditions......Page 549 Special Therapies Related to Respiratory Illness......Page 554 Caring for a Person Using Mechanical Ventilation......Page 558 Collecting a Sputum Specimen......Page 559 Unit 37 Caring for Patients with Disorders of the Musculoskeletal and Nervous Systems......Page 562 Common Conditions of the Musculoskeletal System......Page 563 Fractures......Page 565 Guidelines for Caring for Patients in Traction......Page 567 Guidelines for Caring for the Patient Who Has Had Hip Surgery......Page 569 Compartment Syndrome......Page 570 Guidelines for Caring for Patients after Spinal Surgeries......Page 572 Guidelines for Assisting Patients with Range-of-Motion Exercises......Page 573 Common Conditions of the Nervous System......Page 577 Guidelines for Care of Persons with Parkinson’s Disease and Huntington’s Disease......Page 581 Introduction to the Sensory Organs: The Eyes and Ears......Page 587 Common Conditions of the Eye......Page 588 Guidelines for Communicating with Patients Who Have Visual Impairments......Page 590 Artificial Eye......Page 591 Warm and Cool Eye Compresses......Page 593 Common Conditions of the Ear......Page 594 Guidelines for Communicating with Patients Who Have Hearing Impairments......Page 595 Aging Changes Related to Smell and Taste......Page 597 Sense of Touch......Page 598 Aging Changes to the Endocrine System......Page 600 Common Conditions of the Endocrine System......Page 601 Conditions of the Male Reproductive Organs......Page 607 Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 608 Vaginal Douche......Page 610 SECTION 12: EXPANDED ROLE OF THE NURSING ASSISTANT......Page 613 Introduction......Page 614 Postpartum Care......Page 615 Guidelines for Assisting with Breast-Feeding......Page 617 Neonatal Care......Page 618 Determining Vital Signs......Page 626 Feeding......Page 628 Discharge......Page 631 Introduction to Rehabilitation and Restorative Care......Page 634 The Interdisciplinary Health Care Team......Page 636 Complications from Inactivity......Page 637 Activities of Daily Living......Page 639 The Restorative Environment......Page 642 Guidelines for Restorative Care......Page 643 Monitoring the Patient’s Response to Care......Page 644 SECTION 13: RESPONSE TO BASIC EMERGENCIES......Page 646 Dealing with Emergencies......Page 647 Being Prepared......Page 649 Emergency Care......Page 650 Early Defibrillation......Page 654 Choking......Page 655 CPR and Obstructed Airway Procedures for Infants and Children......Page 657 Guidelines for Non-Cardiac Facility Emergencies......Page 659 Guidelines for Action in an Emergency......Page 665 GLOSSARY......Page 667 INDEX......Page 684