Non-Accelerator Astroparticle Physics (2005)(en)(317s)

This comprehensive volume of articles from the seventh school on non-accelerator astroparticle physics presents a timely coverage of this interesting and rapidly expanding subject. The contributions enlarge and complement the earlier volumes prepared for the fourth, fifth and sixth schools. An informative, pedagogical approach has been maintained so that the book can serve as the basis for a modern course on the subject. The first section introduces the fundamentals of particle physics with a review of the standard model and beyond. The comprehensive section on neutrino physics and astrophysics covers neutrino masses and oscillations, short and long baseline neutrino experiments, atmospheric and solar neutrinos, and neutrino telescopes. The section on dark matter includes a theoretical presentation and a review of existing and potential dark matter searches. Searches for axions, magnetic monopoles, and nuclearites are also discussed. Cosmic rays and astrophysics are covered with reviews on experiments in space, extreme energy cosmic rays, and photons and antimatter in space. The theory of gravitational waves and searches for gravitational waves are considered. A section deals with the LEP legacy and future accelerators and superbeams. Large scale facilities, detectors, data acquisition and large scale computing are reviewed. The volume concludes with an in-depth look at the impact of science on the world with essays looking back on the past century of scientific progress and its effects on society. CONTENTS 8 FOREWORD 6 Fundamentals of Particle Interactions 8 Standard Model and Beyond A. Bartl and S. Hesselbach 12 1. Introduction 12 2. Standard Model Physics 14 2.1. Electroweak Radiative Corrections 14 2.2. Higgs Boson Searches 18 3. Grand Unification 20 4. Supersymmetry 22 5. Extra dimensions 27 Acknowledgements 29 References 29 Neutrinos 8 Neutrino Masses, Mixing and Oscillations S. Petcov 32 1. Introduction 32 2. Neutrino Oscillations in Vacuum 33 3. Matter-Enhanced Transitions 36 4. Analytic Description of the Solar Neutrino Oscillations 41 5. The Neutrino Mixing Parameters 44 6. Instead of Conclusions 49 References 49 Short and Long Baseline Neutrino Experiments D. Autiero 52 1. Introduction to neutrino oscillations 52 2. The short baseline experiments at CERN 53 3. The LSND and Karmen experiments (1993-2001) 55 4. MiniBooNE 57 5. The CHOOZ and Palo Verde experiments 57 6. K2K 58 7. MINOS 59 8. The CNGS program 59 9. ICARUS 61 10. OPERA 61 11. Conclusions 63 Acknowledgments 63 References 63 Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations G. Giacomelli and M. Giorgini 65 1. Introduction 65 2. Atmospheric neutrino flux calculations 66 3. Results from the Soudan 2 experiment 67 4. Results from the MACRO experiment 69 5. Results from the SuperKamiokande experiment 73 6. Conclusions 77 Acknowledgements 77 References 78 Solar and Reactor Neutrinos D. F. Cowen 79 1. The Solar Neutrino Problem 79 2. The Early Detectors 82 2.1. Homestake 82 2.2. GALLEX and SAGE 82 2.3. Kamiokande and SuperKamiokande 82 3. The Solution to the Solar Neutrino Problem 83 3.1. The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) 83 3.2. The Kamioka Liquid-scintillator Anti-Neutrino Detector (KamLAND) 84 4. Conclusion 85 References 86 Neutrino Astronomy J. Carr 87 1. Introduction 87 2. Composition of the Universe 88 3. Astronomy with Neutrinos 89 4. Extreme Cosmic Sources of High Energy Radiation 90 5. Techniques of Neutrino Telescopes 91 6. Neutrino Telescope Projects 94 7. Potential Sources for Neutrino Telescopes 96 8. Existing Results 98 9. Conclusions 100 References 100 Dark Matter 8 Dark Matter and Dark Energy P. Ullio 101 1. The dark side of the Universe 101 2. Towards the era of precision cosmology 102 2.1. The long-standing issue of dark matter 102 2.2. The surprise of dark energy 103 2.3. The structure formation picture 105 3. Dark energy in a particle physics context 105 4. Relic particles as dark matter candidates 108 5. WIMP dark matter identification 111 6. Conclusions 113 References 113 Dark Matter Searches R. Bernabei 115 1. Introduction 115 2. A direct detection experiment: DAMA/Nal 117 3. The model-independent result of DAMA/Nal 119 4. Some corollary model-dependent quests for a candidate 122 5. Comparison with other direct and indirect detection experiments 125 6. Conclusions and perspectives 129 References 130 Axion Searches K. Zioutas 133 1. Introduction 133 2. Relic axions 134 3. Solar axions 134 4. Massive axions or axion-like particles 134 5. Underground experiments 135 6. Axions in Laboratory Experiments 136 6.1. v-experiments 136 6.2. Vacuum Birefringence 137 6.3. Shining Through Wall 137 6.4. Atomic/Nuclear Transitions 138 7. Conclusions 138 References 139 Magnetic Monopole Searches G. Giacomelli and L. Patrizii 140 1. Introduction 140 1.1. Properties of magnetic monopoles 141 1.2. Monopole detectors 143 2. "Classical Dirac monopoles" 143 3. GUT monopoles 145 4. Cosmological and astrophysical bounds 147 5. Intermediate mass magnetic monopoles 148 6. Nuclearites and Q-balls 149 7. Conclusions. Outlook 152 References 152 Cosmic Rays and Astrophysics 9 Cosmic Rays at Extreme Energies R. Cester 154 1. Introduction 154 2. C.R. from the Galaxy 155 2.1. Fermi Acceleration mechanisms 156 2.2. C.R. motion in the ISM 158 3. From Galactic to Extra-Galactic C.R. 159 4. Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) 160 4.1. The Greisen-Zatseping-Kuz'min (GZK) effect 160 4.2. The sources 161 4.2.1. Bottom-up models 161 4.2.2. Top-down models 164 5. Experimental Overview 165 5.1. Detection and Analysis methods 166 5.1.1. Arrays of Surface Detectors (3D) 166 5.1.2. Fluorescence Fly's Eye Detectors (FD) 167 5.2. Experimental Results 169 5.3. The new generation of experiments 171 5.4. Future Outlook 173 References 174 Photons and Antimatter in Space G. Barbiellini and F. Longo 176 1. Introduction 176 2. Antimatter in Space 177 3. High energy gamma astrophysics 181 Conclusion 183 References 184 Astroparticle Physics from Space S. Cecchini 185 1. Introduction 185 2. Why observations from space 186 3. What is Dark Matter? 187 4. What is the nature of Dark Energy? 190 5. How did the Universe begin? 192 6. Conclusions 195 References 195 Gravitational Waves 9 Theory of Gravitational Waves J. C. Miller 197 1. Basic ideas 197 2. What does GR tell us about gravitational waves? 198 3. How do gravitational waves interact with matter? 200 4. How is gravitational wave emission linked to changes in the source? 203 5. Order of magnitude estimates 204 6. Summary of astronomical sources of gravitational waves 206 7. Gravitational waves and the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16 207 Further reading 208 Gravitational Waves and their Detection E. Coccia 209 1. Introduction 209 2. Gravitational Waves and Detectable Sources 210 3. Resonant Mass Detectors 214 3.1. The resonant body 214 3.2. The motion sensor 216 3.3. Noise 218 3.4. The future of resonant-mass detectors 221 4. Interferometric detectors 222 5. Interferometers' noises 224 5.1. Seismic noise 224 5.2. Thermal noise 226 5.3. Shot noise 226 6. Conclusions 227 References 228 Accelerator-Based Physics 9 The LEP Legacy G. Giacomelli and R. Giacomelli 229 1. Introduction 229 2. Precision electroweak measurements 231 3. QCD 235 4. New particle searches 236 5. Historical and sociological aspects 238 6. Conclusions 242 Acknowledgements. 242 References 242 Future Accelerators, Neutrino Factories, and Muon Colliders R. A. Carrigan, Jr. 244 1. Introduction 244 2. Accelerators from now to 2009 245 3. The next decade (2010-2019) 248 3.1. Linear collider 249 3.2. Muon colliders 251 3.3. Super beams, neutrino factories, and beta beams. 252 4. Visionary possibilities (2020 and beyond) 254 5. Summary 257 References 257 Large Scale Facilities 9 Detectors and Data Acquisition D. F. Cowen 259 1. Introduction 259 2. The Similarities 259 2.1. Photomultipller Tubes 260 2.2. Data Acquisition 263 2.3. Other Similarities 263 3. The Differences 264 3.1. SNO and KamLAND 264 3.2. AMANDA and IceCube 266 3.3. ANITA 269 3.4. Pierre Auger 270 3.5. CDMS-II 271 4. Conclusions 272 References 272 Large Scale Computing P. Capiluppi 273 1. Introduction 273 2. Applications of Large Scale Computing 274 2.1. LHC Experiments 274 3. Complexities of Data Management 276 4. Distributed Computing and Data Access 277 5. Grid Computing 278 6. Computing Models and basic components 280 7. Measuring the Model's performances: Data Challenges 283 7.1. First results from LHC Experiments' Data Challenges 283 8. Perspectives on missing components 285 9. Conclusions 286 Acknowledgments 287 References 287 The World of Science 9 Science, Technology and Society G. Giacomelli and R. Giacomelli 288 1. Introduction 288 2. Science popularization 290 3. Scientific outreach in Internet 291 4. Conclusions 294 References 295 The Universe: Today, Yesterday and Tomorrow T. Regge 296 1. Remembering Goedel 296 2. Avogadro and Mendeleyev 297 3. The beauty of Flaws and the infinite universe 297 4. The very small and the very large 298 One Hundred Years of Science R. A. Carrigan, Jr. 300 1. Introduction 300 2. Particle Physics and Accelerator Science 301 3. Cosmology 302 4. Space 304 5. DNA 305 6. Computing 307 7. Summing Up 309 References 309 Appendices 10 Summaries of the Poster Sessions Y. Becherini, Z. Sahnoun and A. Zakharov 310 List of Participants 328 Dark Matter......Page 8 FOREWORD......Page 6 1. Introduction......Page 12 2.1. Electroweak Radiative Corrections......Page 14 2.2. Higgs Boson Searches......Page 18 3. Grand Unification......Page 20 4. Supersymmetry......Page 22 5. Extra dimensions......Page 27 References......Page 29 1. Introduction......Page 32 2. Neutrino Oscillations in Vacuum......Page 33 3. Matter-Enhanced Transitions......Page 36 4. Analytic Description of the Solar Neutrino Oscillations......Page 41 5. The Neutrino Mixing Parameters......Page 44 References......Page 49 1. Introduction to neutrino oscillations......Page 52 2. The short baseline experiments at CERN......Page 53 3. The LSND and Karmen experiments (1993-2001)......Page 55 5. The CHOOZ and Palo Verde experiments......Page 57 6. K2K......Page 58 8. The CNGS program......Page 59 10. OPERA......Page 61 References......Page 63 1. Introduction......Page 65 2. Atmospheric neutrino flux calculations......Page 66 3. Results from the Soudan 2 experiment......Page 67 4. Results from the MACRO experiment......Page 69 5. Results from the SuperKamiokande experiment......Page 73 Acknowledgements......Page 77 References......Page 78 1. The Solar Neutrino Problem......Page 79 2.3. Kamiokande and SuperKamiokande......Page 82 3.1. The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO)......Page 83 3.2. The Kamioka Liquid-scintillator Anti-Neutrino Detector (KamLAND)......Page 84 4. Conclusion......Page 85 References......Page 86 1. Introduction......Page 87 2. Composition of the Universe......Page 88 3. Astronomy with Neutrinos......Page 89 4. Extreme Cosmic Sources of High Energy Radiation......Page 90 5. Techniques of Neutrino Telescopes......Page 91 6. Neutrino Telescope Projects......Page 94 7. Potential Sources for Neutrino Telescopes......Page 96 8. Existing Results......Page 98 References......Page 100 1. The dark side of the Universe......Page 101 2.1. The long-standing issue of dark matter......Page 102 2.2. The surprise of dark energy......Page 103 3. Dark energy in a particle physics context......Page 105 4. Relic particles as dark matter candidates......Page 108 5. WIMP dark matter identification......Page 111 References......Page 113 1. Introduction......Page 115 2. A direct detection experiment: DAMA/Nal......Page 117 3. The model-independent result of DAMA/Nal......Page 119 4. Some corollary model-dependent quests for a candidate......Page 122 5. Comparison with other direct and indirect detection experiments......Page 125 6. Conclusions and perspectives......Page 129 References......Page 130 1. Introduction......Page 133 4. Massive axions or axion-like particles......Page 134 5. Underground experiments......Page 135 6.1. v-experiments......Page 136 6.3. Shining Through Wall......Page 137 7. Conclusions......Page 138 References......Page 139 1. Introduction......Page 140 1.1. Properties of magnetic monopoles......Page 141 2. "Classical Dirac monopoles"......Page 143 3. GUT monopoles......Page 145 4. Cosmological and astrophysical bounds......Page 147 5. Intermediate mass magnetic monopoles......Page 148 6. Nuclearites and Q-balls......Page 149 References......Page 152 The World of Science......Page 9 1. Introduction......Page 154 2. C.R. from the Galaxy......Page 155 2.1. Fermi Acceleration mechanisms......Page 156 2.2. C.R. motion in the ISM......Page 158 3. From Galactic to Extra-Galactic C.R.......Page 159 4.1. The Greisen-Zatseping-Kuz'min (GZK) effect......Page 160 4.2.1. Bottom-up models......Page 161 4.2.2. Top-down models......Page 164 5. Experimental Overview......Page 165 5.1.1. Arrays of Surface Detectors (3D)......Page 166 5.1.2. Fluorescence Fly's Eye Detectors (FD)......Page 167 5.2. Experimental Results......Page 169 5.3. The new generation of experiments......Page 171 5.4. Future Outlook......Page 173 References......Page 174 1. Introduction......Page 176 2. Antimatter in Space......Page 177 3. High energy gamma astrophysics......Page 181 Conclusion......Page 183 References......Page 184 1. Introduction......Page 185 2. Why observations from space......Page 186 3. What is Dark Matter?......Page 187 4. What is the nature of Dark Energy?......Page 190 5. How did the Universe begin?......Page 192 References......Page 195 1. Basic ideas......Page 197 2. What does GR tell us about gravitational waves?......Page 198 3. How do gravitational waves interact with matter?......Page 200 4. How is gravitational wave emission linked to changes in the source?......Page 203 5. Order of magnitude estimates......Page 204 6. Summary of astronomical sources of gravitational waves......Page 206 7. Gravitational waves and the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16......Page 207 Further reading......Page 208 1. Introduction......Page 209 2. Gravitational Waves and Detectable Sources......Page 210 3.1. The resonant body......Page 214 3.2. The motion sensor......Page 216 3.3. Noise......Page 218 3.4. The future of resonant-mass detectors......Page 221 4. Interferometric detectors......Page 222 5.1. Seismic noise......Page 224 5.3. Shot noise......Page 226 6. Conclusions......Page 227 References......Page 228 1. Introduction......Page 229 2. Precision electroweak measurements......Page 231 3. QCD......Page 235 4. New particle searches......Page 236 5. Historical and sociological aspects......Page 238 References......Page 242 1. Introduction......Page 244 2. Accelerators from now to 2009......Page 245 3. The next decade (2010-2019)......Page 248 3.1. Linear collider......Page 249 3.2. Muon colliders......Page 251 3.3. Super beams, neutrino factories, and beta beams.......Page 252 4. Visionary possibilities (2020 and beyond)......Page 254 References......Page 257 2. The Similarities......Page 259 2.1. Photomultipller Tubes......Page 260 2.3. Other Similarities......Page 263 3.1. SNO and KamLAND......Page 264 3.2. AMANDA and IceCube......Page 266 3.3. ANITA......Page 269 3.4. Pierre Auger......Page 270 3.5. CDMS-II......Page 271 References......Page 272 1. Introduction......Page 273 2.1. LHC Experiments......Page 274 3. Complexities of Data Management......Page 276 4. Distributed Computing and Data Access......Page 277 5. Grid Computing......Page 278 6. Computing Models and basic components......Page 280 7.1. First results from LHC Experiments' Data Challenges......Page 283 8. Perspectives on missing components......Page 285 9. Conclusions......Page 286 References......Page 287 1. Introduction......Page 288 2. Science popularization......Page 290 3. Scientific outreach in Internet......Page 291 4. Conclusions......Page 294 References......Page 295 1. Remembering Goedel......Page 296 3. The beauty of Flaws and the infinite universe......Page 297 4. The very small and the very large......Page 298 1. Introduction......Page 300 2. Particle Physics and Accelerator Science......Page 301 3. Cosmology......Page 302 4. Space......Page 304 5. DNA......Page 305 6. Computing......Page 307 References......Page 309 Appendices......Page 10 Summaries of the Poster Sessions Y. Becherini, Z. Sahnoun and A. Zakharov......Page 310 List of Participants......Page 328