Multidimensional palaeobiology

For the first time a book is available which is devoted to the analysis of multidimensional variability in fossils and deals with the application of multivariate statistical methods to problems of palaeobiology. Presents important new statistical methods for analysing particular problems occurring in biology. Questions of ecology, systematics, quantitative genetics, biostratigraphy and evolutionary biology amenable to quantitative analysis are fully considered. This multivariate primer introduces new but little known methods in a practical format. Methods for applying quantitative genetics to evolution in the phenotype appear with examples and caveats, together with exercises and problems to expand and exemplify difficult concepts. A computer programs supplement written in SAS IML is included which will enable readers to reproduce most of the tables in the text and continue to use them for actual further analysis or research purposes with a minimum of alteration. A 5.25" or 3.50" disk is available separately if required. On a more personal note, Professor Reyment has recently been awarded the Bjorken Prize for work in biometry. Contents Preface CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1.1 Form of presentation 1.2 Layout 1.3 Computational aspects 1.4 Some Definitions 1.5 On Variables 1.6 On Style CHAPTER 2 Vectors and Matrices 2.1 lntroduction 2.2 Some Definitions 2.3 Operations on Vectors 2.4 Operations on Matrices 2.5 Latent Roots and Vectors 2.6 Basic Structure of a Matrix 2.7 Some More Definitions 2.8 Descriptive Statistics 2.9 On Tranaformations CHAPTER 3 Primer of Multivariate Statistical Analysis 3.1 lntroduction 3.2 The SingIe Sample 3.3 Two Samples 3.4 Several Samples 3.5 Relationship Between Sets 3.6 Exemplification of Methods 3.7 Canonical Correlation 3.8 Some Spacial Multlvariate Topics 3.9 Factor Analysis or Principal Components? CHAPTER 4: The Study of Size and Shape 4.1 lntroduction 4.2 Multlvarlate Representation of Allometry 4.3 Size Divorced from Shape 4.4 Shape in Terma of Outline 4.5 Geometric Morphometric CHAPTER 5: Application of Quantitative Genetics to Evolutionary Biology 5.1 Multiveriate Analysis in Evolutionary Biology 5.2 Time Series in Palaeontology 5.3 Multivariate Applications in Quantitative Genetics 5.4 Evolution in the Phenotype 5.5 Regional Validity of the Multivariate Phenotype 5.6 A Set of case histories 5.7 On Stasis 5.8 Tlme Series Analysis in Multidimentional Palaeoblology CHAPTER 6 Polymorphism 6.3 The Panoply of Polimorphism 6.4 Polimorphism in Ostracods 6.5 Environmentalty Cued Palymorphism 6.6 Shape Polymorphism 6.7 Ornamental Polimorphism CHAPTER 7 Multivariate Palaeoecology Multivariate Assemleges ad Associations between species 7.5 On Species Data 7.6 Canonical correspondence analysis in palaeoecology 7.7 lnteractlon Between Predator and Prey 7.8 Asymmetrlc Relationships in Palaeoecology: The Case of Riparian sedimentary Enviroments Envirool09Y: 7.9 Further Toplcs for research CHAPTER 8 Case Histories and Applications 8.1 lntroduction 8.2 Palaeoblological significance of Multivariate Normality 8.3 lnterpretation of Atyplcal lndividuals 8.4 Principal Component Analysis and Cross-Validation 8.5 The Statistical Recognition of Moult Stages 8.6 Discriminant Analyais by Shrunken Estimators: a Cretaceous Foraminifer 8.8 Phenotipic Plasticity in Ammonites 8.9 Multidimentional Palaeobiogeography 8.10 An example of Statistical Palaeoecology 8.12 Morphomatric Contrasts in Triasc lchthyosaurs Bibliography Glossary Subject lndex SUPPLEMENT: Computer Programs for Multidimensional Palaeobiology Appendix 1: Pc SAS Guide on a Sheet Appendix 2: Summary of IML Appendix 3: Thin-plate Spline