Using the popular, powerful, and easy-to-understand 68HC11 microprocessor as a representative example, this book provides a comprehensive introduction to the concepts, principles, and techniques of microprocessors and microprocessor based systems. Chapter topics include Number Systems and Codes, Digital Circuits, Memory Devices, Introduction to Computers, Microcomputer Structure and Operation, The Microprocessor: Heart of the Microcomputer, Programming the 68HC11 MPU, Input/Output Modes, and Input/Output Interfacing. For those interested in a career in electrical or computer engineering. Preface 3 Contents 5 Chapter 1 9 Chapter 2 Digital Circuits 36 Section 2.1 Parallel and Serial Transmission 37 Section 2.2 Logic Gates 38 Section 2.3 Tri-State Logic 40 Section 2.4 Flip-Flops 41 Section 2.5 Clock Signals 42 Section 2.6 Clocked Flip-Flops 44 Section 2.7 Synchronous and Asynchronous FF Inputs 46 Section 2.8 Setup and Hold Times 47 Section 2.9 FF Registers 48 Section 2.10 IC Registers 50 Section 2.11 Data Busing 53 Section 2.12 Data Bus Operation 54 Section 2.13 Decoders 62 Section 2.14 Decoders 64 Section 2.15 Multiplexers (Data Selectors) 65 Section 2.16 Arithmetic Circuits 66 Chapter 3 Memory Devices 71 Section 3.1 Memory Technology 73 Section 3.2 General Memory Operation 75 Section 3.3 Read-Only Memories 77 Section 3.4 ROM Architecture 79 Section 3.5 ROM Timing 81 Section 3.6 Types of ROM 82 Section 3.7 Flash Memory 90 Section 3.8 ROM Applications 94 Section 3.9 Semiconductor RAMS 97 Section 3.10 RAM Architecture 97 Section 3.11 Static RAM 100 Section 3.12 Dynamic RAM 103 Section 3.13 Dynamic RAM Structure and Operation 104 Section 3.14 DRAM READ/WRITE Cycles 109 Section 3.15 DRAM Refreshing 112 Section 3.16 Expanding Word Size and Capacity 113 Chapter 4 Introduction to Computers 127 Section 4.1 What Can Computers Do? 128 Section 4.2 How Do Computers Think 130 Section 4.3 How Many Kinds of Computers Are There? 132 Section 4.4 Basic Computer Structure 133 Section 4.5 Microprocessors 137 Section 4.6 Computer Words 137 Section 4.7 Binary Data Words 137 Section 4.8 Coded Data Words 139 Section 4.9 Instruction Words 140 Section 4.10 The 68HC11 MPU - A Simplified Version 145 Section 4.11 Executing a Program 149 Section 4.12 Jump and Branch Instructions 153 Section 4.13 Hardware, Software and Firmware 156 Section 4.14 Programming Languages - Machine Language 156 Section 4.15 Assembly Language 158 Section 4.16 High Level Languages 160 Section 4.17 Flowcharts 162 Chapter 5 Microcomputer Structure and Operation 172 Section 5.1 Microcomputer Elements 173 Section 5.2 Why uPs and uCs? 174 Section 5.3 Microcomputer Architecture 176 Section 5.4 Read and Write Timing 182 Section 5.5 Bus Activity During Program Execution 186 Section 5.6 MPUT Address Space Allocation 190 Section 5.7 Memory Modules 195 Section 5.8 Address Decoding 195 Section 5.9 Complete Microcomputer Decoding Example 197 Section 5.10 Buffering the MPU Buses 207 Chapter 6 The Microprocessor: Heart of the Microcomputr 217 Chapter 7 Programming the 68HC11 MPU 250 Chapter 8 Input/Output Modes 361 Chapter 9 Input/Output Interfacing 422 Appendix A Complete 68HC11 MCU Intruction Set 494 Appendix B The 68HC11 MCU Block Diagram 549 Appendix C The 68HC11 MCU Register and Control Bit Assignments 551 Index 559
