Linux in a Nutshell : A Desktop Quick Reference

Although I'm not an advanced user, I do work in Linux everyday. In spite of that repetition and daily reinforcement, this is the one book I use daily, in some form or fashion. Frankly, it's just not possible for me to remember all of the Linux commands. This is a user's guide that is more than useful; it's clearly written and all of the commands are covered in alphabetical order. I prefer having a handy reference volume versus sifting through Google search results. If you already have a basic understanding of using Linux and want a good book for looking up how specific commands work, then this is your reference manual. It's useful for beginner, intermediate, and the experienced user AND there's a comprehensive index of both topics and commands and it's easy to find what you're looking for. Should you need more, you will have to refer to man pages! Having worked with UNIX for many years, I found the chapter on virtualization a little light but that's probably best, given their complexity and depth. The chapters on Shells, Boot Methods and networking are great and offer enough detail to most folks off and running with these concepts. The chapter on the various editors is well done and contains excellent detail; certainly enough to get you going with any of them. Package management was also presented well and helped me understand a good bit more about yum, after having used aptitude for years. I don't do much with sed, gawk or version control but the chapters on those technologies were understandable and will prove useful in the future. Overall, I find this book extremely valuable and it is one of those that I keep handy at all times. It is, in my opinion, THE essential Linux reference book. Table of Contents 7 Preface 17 Organization of This Book 18 Other Resources 19 Online Documentation 19 Websites 19 Linux Journal and Linux Magazine 20 Usenet Newsgroups 20 Online Linux Support 20 Linux User Groups 21 Using Code Examples 21 Conventions 22 How to Contact Us 23 Safari® Books Online 23 Acknowledgments 24 Introduction 25 The Excitement of Linux 26 Distribution and Support 27 Commands on Linux 27 What This Book Offers 28 Sources and Licenses 30 Beginner’s Guide 31 Communication 31 Comparisons 32 File Management 32 Media 33 Printing 33 Programming 33 Program Maintenance 34 Searching 34 Shell Programming 35 Storage 35 System Status 35 Text Processing 36 Miscellaneous 37 System and Network Administration Overview 38 Common Commands 38 Clocks 38 Daemons 38 Hardware 39 Host Information 39 Installation 40 Mail 40 Managing Filesystems 40 Managing the Kernel 41 Networking 42 Printing 42 Security and System Integrity 42 Starting and Stopping the System 43 System Activity and Process Management 43 Users 44 Miscellaneous 44 Overview of Networking 45 TCP/IP Administration 45 NFS and NIS Administration 46 Overview of TCP/IP 46 IP Addresses 47 Gateways and Routing 49 Gateway protocols 49 Routing daemons 49 Routing tables 50 Name Service 50 DNS and BIND 50 Domain names 50 Configuring TCP/IP 51 Network interfaces 51 Serial-line communication 52 Troubleshooting TCP/IP 52 Overview of Firewalls and Masquerading 52 Overview of NFS 53 Administering NFS 54 Daemons 54 Exporting Filesystems 54 Mounting Filesystems 54 Overview of NIS 55 Servers 55 Domains 55 NIS Maps 55 Map Manipulation Utilities 55 Administering NIS 56 Setting Up an NIS Server 56 Setting Up an NIS Client 56 NIS User Accounts 56 RPC and XDR 56 Linux Commands 57 Alphabetical Summary of Commands 58 accept 58 access 58 aclocal 58 aconnect 59 acpi 59 acpid 60 addr2line 61 agetty 62 alsactl 63 alsamixer 64 amidi 64 amixer 65 anacron 67 aplay 67 aplaymidi 68 apmd 69 apropos 70 apt 70 ar 71 arch 72 arecord 72 arecordmidi 72 arp 73 as 74 at 75 atd 77 atq 77 atrm 77 autoconf 77 autoheader 78 automake 79 autoreconf 80 autoscan 81 autoupdate 82 badblocks 82 base64 83 basename 83 bash 84 batch 84 bc 84 bison 88 bzcmp 89 bzdiff 89 bzgrep 89 bzip2 89 bzless 91 bzmore 91 c++ 91 c++filt 91 cal 92 cat 92 cc 93 cdda2wav 93 cdparanoia 93 cdrdao 95 cdrecord 99 cfdisk 99 chage 100 chattr 101 chfn 102 chgrp 102 chkconfig 103 chmod 104 chown 106 chpasswd 107 chroot 107 chrt 107 chsh 108 chvt 108 cksum 108 clear 108 cmp 109 col 109 colcrt 110 colrm 110 column 110 comm 110 cp 111 cpio 113 cpp 116 crond 122 crontab 122 csplit 123 ctags 124 cupsd 125 cut 126 date 127 dd 129 deallocvt 131 debugfs 131 depmod 134 devdump 135 df 136 diff 137 diff3 139 dig 140 dir 142 dircolors 142 dirname 143 dmesg 143 doexec 143 domainname 144 dosfsck 144 du 144 dump 146 dumpe2fs 148 dumpiso 148 dumpkeys 148 dvdrecord 149 e2fsck 149 e2image 150 e2label 151 echo 151 edquota 151 egrep 152 eject 152 elvtune 154 emacs 154 enable 154 env 154 envsubst 155 etags 155 ex 156 expand 156 expr 157 factor 159 false 159 fc-cache 159 fc-list 160 fdisk 160 fgconsole 161 fgrep 161 file 161 find 163 flex 167 fmt 168 fold 169 formail 169 free 171 fsck 171 ftp 172 ftpd 177 fuser 178 g++ 179 gawk 179 gcc 180 gdb 187 genisoimage 189 getent 197 getkeycodes 197 gpasswd 197 gpg 197 gpgsplit 201 gpgv 202 gpm 202 gprof 205 grep 206 groff 209 groupadd 211 groupdel 212 groupmod 212 groups 212 grpck 212 grpconv 213 gs 213 gunzip 214 gzexe 214 gzip 215 halt 216 hdparm 216 head 220 hexdump 220 host 221 hostid 222 hostname 222 htdigest 223 hunspell 223 hwclock 224 icedax 224 iconv 227 id 228 ifconfig 228 imapd 231 inetd 231 info 231 init 232 initctl 232 insmod 233 install 234 ionice 235 ip 235 ipcrm 239 ipcs 240 iptables 240 iptables-restore 246 iptables-save 247 isodump 247 isoinfo 247 isosize 248 isovfy 248 ispell 248 join 250 kbd_mode 251 kbdrate 251 kill 251 killall 252 klogd 253 last 254 lastb 254 lastlog 255 ld 255 ldconfig 258 ldd 259 less 259 lesskey 266 lftp 268 lftpget 271 link 271 ln 271 loadkeys 272 locale 273 locate 274 lockfile 275 logger 276 login 276 logrotate 277 look 280 losetup 280 lpadmin 280 lpinfo 282 lpmove 282 lpq 282 lpr 282 lprm 283 lpstat 284 ls 284 lsattr 287 lspci 287 lsmod 288 lsusb 288 m4 288 mail 289 mailq 289 mailstats 290 mailx 290 make 299 makedbm 305 makemap 306 man 307 manpath 309 md5sum 309 merge 310 mesg 310 mkdir 311 mkdosfs 311 mke2fs 312 mkfifo 315 mkfs 315 mkfs.ext3 315 mkisofs 316 mklost+found 316 mknod 316 mkswap 317 mktemp 317 modinfo 318 modprobe 318 more 319 mount 321 mountd 324 mt 324 mv 326 named 327 namei 328 nameif 329 nc 329 netstat 330 newaliases 332 newgrp 332 newusers 332 nfsd 332 nfsstat 333 nice 333 nm 334 nohup 335 nslookup 335 nsupdate 335 objcopy 337 objdump 341 od 343 openvt 346 passwd 346 paste 347 patch 348 pathchk 350 pccardctl 351 pidof 351 ping 351 pmap 353 portmap 353 poweroff 354 pppd 354 pr 356 praliases 358 printenv 358 printf 358 ps 359 ptx 366 pwck 367 pwconv 368 pwd 368 quota 368 quotacheck 369 quotaon 370 quotaoff 371 quotastats 371 ranlib 371 rcp 371 rdate 372 rdist 372 rdistd 374 readcd 374 readelf 375 readlink 376 readom 376 reboot 378 reject 378 rename 378 renice 379 repquota 379 reset 380 resize2fs 380 restore 381 rev 383 rexec 383 rexecd 384 rlogin 384 rlogind 384 rm 385 rmail 386 rmdir 386 rmmod 386 rndc 387 route 388 rpcbind 389 rpcgen 390 rpcinfo 390 rpm 391 rsh 391 rshd 391 rsync 392 rsyslogd 399 runlevel 400 sane-find- scanner 400 scanimage 400 scp 402 screen 403 script 408 sdiff 408 sed 409 sendmail 409 sensors 416 seq 417 setkeycodes 417 setleds 417 setmetamode 418 setquota 418 setsid 419 setterm 419 sftp 422 sh 423 sha1sum 423 showkey 423 showmount 424 shred 424 shutdown 425 size 426 slabtop 426 slattach 427 sleep 427 sort 428 split 429 ssh 430 ssh-add 433 ssh-agent 434 ssh-keygen 434 ssh-keyscan 435 sshd 436 stat 437 statd 440 strace 440 strings 442 strip 443 stty 444 su 449 sudo 450 sum 451 swapoff 451 swapon 451 sync 452 sysctl 452 sysklogd 452 syslogd 453 tac 453 tail 454 tailf 455 talk 455 tar 455 taskset 461 tcpdump 461 tcpslice 463 tee 464 telinit 464 telnet 465 telnetd 466 test 467 time 469 tload 471 tmpwatch 471 top 472 touch 476 tr 477 tracepath 478 traceroute 479 troff 480 true 480 tset 480 tsort 481 tty 481 tune2fs 481 tunelp 484 ul 484 umount 485 uname 485 unexpand 486 unicode_start 487 unicode_stop 487 uniq 487 unlink 488 uptime 488 useradd 488 userdel 490 usermod 490 users 491 usleep 491 uuidgen 492 vdir 492 vi 492 vidmode 492 vim 493 vmstat 493 volname 495 w 495 wall 495 warnquota 496 watch 496 wc 497 wget 498 whatis 504 whereis 504 which 505 who 506 whoami 507 whois 507 wodim 508 write 512 xargs 512 xinetd 514 yacc 517 yes 518 ypbind 518 ypcat 519 ypinit 519 ypmatch 520 yppasswd 520 yppasswdd 520 yppoll 521 yppush 521 ypserv 522 ypset 523 yptest 523 ypwhich 524 ypxfr 524 ypxfrd 525 zcat 525 zcmp 525 zdiff 525 zforce 525 zgrep 526 zless 526 zmore 526 znew 527 Boot Methods 528 The Boot Process 529 LILO: The Linux Loader 530 The LILO Configuration File 531 Global options 532 Image options 536 Kernel options 537 The lilo Command 538 lilo Command Options 539 LILO Boot Errors 540 GRUB: The Grand Unified Bootloader 540 Installing GRUB 542 Creating a GRUB boot CD 543 Creating a GRUB boot floppy 543 Using grub-install 544 Installing from the GRUB command line 545 The GRUB Configuration File 545 Using the Menu Interface 547 The GRUB Shell 547 GRUB Commands 549 Command-Line and Global Menu Commands 550 bootp 550 color 550 device 550 dhcp 551 hide 551 ifconfig 551 pager 551 partnew 551 parttype 552 password 552 rarp 552 serial 552 setkey 553 splashimage 553 terminal 553 tftpserver 554 unhide 554 Command-Line and Menu-Entry Commands 554 blocklist 554 boot 554 cat 555 chainloader 555 cmp 555 configfile 555 debug 555 displayapm 555 displaymem 555 dump 555 embed 556 find 556 fstest 556 geometry 556 halt 556 help 556 impsprobe 556 initrd 557 install 557 ioprobe 558 kernel 558 lock 558 makeactive 558 map 558 md5crypt 558 module 558 modulenounzip 558 pause 559 quit 559 read 559 reboot 559 root 559 rootnoverify 559 savedefault 559 setup 559 testload 560 testvbe 560 uppermem 560 vbeprobe 560 Dual-Booting Linux and Windows 2000/XP/Vista 560 Boot-Time Kernel Options 563 initrd: Using a RAM Disk 565 Package Management 566 Yum: Yellowdog Updater Modified 569 The yum Command 569 General options 570 yum Command Summary 571 check-update 571 clean 572 deplist 572 groupinfo 572 groupinstall 572 grouplist 572 groupremove 572 help 573 info 573 install 573 list 573 localinstall 573 localupdate 574 makecache 574 provides 574 reinstall 574 remove 574 repolist 574 resolvedep 574 search 574 shell 574 update 575 upgrade 575 Plugins and yum-utils 575 The Red Hat Package Manager 576 RPM Package Concepts 576 The rpm Command 577 General options 578 Install, upgrade, and freshen options 578 Query options 581 Package-selection options 581 Package-query options 583 Uninstall options 584 Verify options 584 Database rebuild options 586 Signature-check options 586 Miscellaneous options 587 FTP/HTTP options 587 RPM Examples 587 The rpmbuild Command 588 rpmbuild options 588 The Debian Package Manager 589 Files 589 Package Priorities 590 Package and Selection States 591 Package Flags 591 Scripts 592 Debian Package Manager Command Summary 593 apt-cache 593 apt-cdrom 595 apt-config 596 apt- extracttemplates 597 apt-ftparchive 598 apt-get 599 apt-sortpkgs 603 aptitude 603 dpkg 607 dpkg-deb 612 dpkg-query 614 dpkg-split 615 dselect 616 synaptic 618 The Bash Shell 620 Overview of Features 621 Invoking the Shell 621 Options 622 Arguments 623 Syntax 623 Special Files 623 Filename Metacharacters 623 Examples 624 Quoting 624 Examples 625 Command Forms 626 Examples 626 Redirection Forms 626 Simple redirection 627 Redirection using file descriptors 627 Multiple redirection 628 Examples 628 Coprocesses 628 Functions 629 Variables 630 Variable Substitution 630 Examples 631 Built-in Shell Variables 631 Other Shell Variables 633 Arrays 635 Special Prompt Strings 636 Arithmetic Expressions 637 Operators 637 Examples 637 Command History 638 Line-Edit Mode 638 Common editing keystrokes 638 The fc Command 638 Examples 639 Programmable Completion 639 Examples 641 Job Control 641 Command Execution 642 Restricted Shells 643 Built-in Commands 643 ! 643 # 643 #!shell 644 : 644 . 644 [[ ]] 644 alias 644 bg 645 bind 645 break 646 builtin 646 caller 646 case 646 cd 647 command 647 compgen 648 complete 648 continue 650 declare 650 dirs 651 disown 652 do 652 done 652 echo 652 enable 653 esac 653 eval 653 exec 654 exit 654 export 654 false 655 fc 655 fg 655 fi 656 for 656 for 656 function 657 getopts 657 hash 657 help 658 history 658 if 659 jobs 659 kill 660 let 660 local 660 logout 660 mapfile 661 name () 661 popd 661 printf 662 pushd 662 pwd 662 read 663 readonly 664 return 664 select 664 set 665 shift 667 shopt 667 source 671 suspend 671 test 671 time 674 times 674 trap 674 true 675 type 675 ulimit 676 umask 676 unalias 677 unset 677 until 677 wait 677 while 677 Pattern Matching 678 Filenames Versus Patterns 678 Metacharacters 679 Search Patterns 679 Replacement Patterns 680 Metacharacters, Listed by Program 681 Examples of Searching 682 Examples of Searching and Replacing 683 The Emacs Editor 685 Conceptual Overview 685 Modes 685 Buffer and Window 686 Point and Mark 686 Kill and Yank 686 Notes on the Tables 686 Absolutely Essential Commands 687 Command-Line Syntax 687 Summary of Commands by Group 687 File-Handling Commands 687 Cursor-Movement Commands 688 Deletion Commands 688 Paragraphs and Regions 689 Stopping and Undoing Commands 689 Transposition Commands 689 Search Commands 689 Capitalization Commands 690 Word-Abbreviation Commands 690 Buffer-Manipulation Commands 690 Window Commands 690 Special Shell Characters 691 Indentation Commands 691 Centering Commands 692 Macro Commands 692 Detail Information Help Commands 692 Help Commands 693 Summary of Commands by Key 693 Control-Key Sequences 693 Meta-Key Sequences 695 Summary of Commands by Name 696 The vi, ex, and vim Editors 701 Conceptual Overview 701 Command-Line Syntax 702 Command-Line Options 702 Review of vi Operations 705 Command Mode 705 Insert Mode 705 Syntax of vi Commands 705 Examples 706 Visual mode (vim only) 706 Status-Line Commands 707 vi Commands 707 Movement Commands 707 Character 707 Text 707 Lines 708 Screens 708 Searches 709 Line numbering 709 Marks 709 Insert Commands 710 Edit Commands 711 Changing and deleting text 711 Copying and moving 712 Saving and Exiting 712 Accessing Multiple Files 713 Window Commands 713 Interacting with the System 714 Macros 715 Miscellaneous Commands 715 vi Configuration 716 The :set Command 716 Options Used by :set 716 Sample .exrc File 720 ex Basics 720 Syntax of ex Commands 720 Addresses 720 Address Symbols 721 Options 721 Alphabetical Summary of ex Commands 721 abbreviate 721 append 722 args 722 bdelete 722 buffer 722 buffers 722 cd 722 center 723 change 723 close 723 copy 723 delete 723 edit 723 file 724 fold 724 foldclose 724 foldopen 724 global 724 hide 724 insert 725 join 725 jumps 725 k 725 left 725 list 725 map 725 mark 726 marks 726 mkexrc 726 move 726 new 726 next 726 nohlsearch 727 number 727 only 727 open 727 preserve 727 previous 727 print 727 put 727 qall 727 quit 728 read 728 read 728 recover 728 redo 728 resize 728 rewind 728 right 728 sbnext 729 sbuffer 729 set 729 shell 729 snext 729 source 729 split 729 sprevious 730 stop 730 substitute 730 suspend 730 sview 730 t 730 tag 731 tags 731 unabbreviate 731 undo 731 unhide 731 unmap 731 v 731 version 731 view 731 visual 732 visual 732 vsplit 732 wall 732 wnext 732 write 732 write 732 wq 732 wqall 733 X 733 xit 733 yank 733 z 733 ! 733 = 734 734 address 734 Enter 734 @ 734 & 734 ~ 734 The sed Editor 735 Conceptual Overview 735 Typical Uses of sed 735 sed Operation 736 Command-Line Syntax 736 Standard Options 736 GNU sed Options 737 Syntax of sed Commands 737 Pattern Addressing 738 Pattern Addressing Examples 738 GNU sed Regular Expression Extensions 739 Group Summary of sed Commands 739 Basic Editing 740 Line Information 740 Input/Output Processing 740 Yanking and Putting 740 Branching Commands 741 Multiline Input Processing 741 Alphabetical Summary of sed Commands 741 # 741 : 741 = 741 a 742 b 742 c 742 d 743 D 743 e 743 g 743 G 743 h 744 H 744 i 744 l 745 n 745 N 745 p 746 P 746 q 746 Q 746 r 747 R 747 s 747 t 748 T 749 v 749 w 749 W 749 x 749 y 749 The gawk Programming Language 750 Conceptual Overview 750 Command-Line Syntax 751 Standard Options 752 Important gawk Options 752 Patterns and Procedures 753 Patterns 753 Procedures 754 Simple Pattern-Procedure Examples 754 Built-in Variables 755 Operators 756 Variable and Array Assignment 756 Escape sequences 757 Octal and Hexadecimal Constants in gawk 758 User-Defined Functions 758 gawk-Specific Features 759 Coprocesses and Sockets 759 Profiling 759 File Inclusion 760 Internationalization 760 Implementation Limits 761 Group Listing of awk Functions and Commands 761 Alphabetical Summary of awk Functions and Commands 762 # 762 and 762 asort 762 asorti 762 atan2 763 bindtextdomain 763 break 763 close 763 compl 763 continue 763 cos 763 dcgettext 763 dcngettext 763 delete 764 do 764 exit 764 exp 764 extension 764 fflush 764 for 764 for 765 function 765 gensub 765 getline 765 gsub 765 if 766 index 766 int 766 length 766 log 766 lshift 766 match 766 mktime 766 next 767 nextfile 767 or 767 print 767 printf 767 rand 767 return 768 rshift 768 sin 768 split 768 sprintf 768 sqrt 768 srand 768 strftime 768 strtonum 768 sub 769 substr 769 system 769 systime 769 tolower 769 toupper 770 while 770 xor 770 Output Redirections 770 printf Formats 770 Source Code Management: AnOverview 773 Introduction and Terminology 773 Usage Models 775 Source Code Management Systems 776 Other Source Code Management Systems 777 The Subversion Version Control System 779 Conceptual Overview 779 Basic Version-Control Operations 779 Key Features 780 Special File Properties 781 Valid subversion keywords 782 Obtaining Subversion 783 Using Subversion: A Quick Tour 783 The Subversion Command Line Client: svn 785 Common svn Options 785 svn Subcommands 790 add 791 blame 791 cat 792 changelist 792 checkout 793 cleanup 794 commit 795 copy 796 delete 797 diff 798 export 799 help 800 import 800 info 801 list 802 lock 803 log 803 merge 805 mergeinfo 806 mkdir 806 move 807 propdel 808 propedit 808 propget 809 proplist 809 propset 810 resolve 811 resolved 811 revert 812 status 812 switch 815 unlock 817 update 817 Repository Administration: svnadmin 818 Common svnadmin Options 818 Common svnadmin Subcommands 819 create 819 deltify 819 dump 819 help 820 hotcopy 820 list-dblogs 820 list-unused- dblogs 820 load 820 lslocks 821 lstxns 821 recover 821 rmlocks 821 rmtxns 821 setlog 822 setrevprop 822 setuuid 822 verify 823 Examining the Repository: svnlook 823 svnlook Options 823 svnlook Subcommands 824 author 824 cat 824 changed 824 date 824 diff 824 dirs-changed 825 help 825 history 825 info 825 lock 826 log 826 propget 826 proplist 826 tree 827 uuid 827 youngest 827 Providing Remote Access: svnserve 827 svnserve Options 828 The Git Version Control System 829 Conceptual Overview 829 Git Repository Format 830 Referring to Commits 830 Using Git: A Quick Tour 832 Before You Start 832 Example: The Linux Kernel Repository 833 Creating and Sharing a New Repository 834 The Git Command Line Client: git 835 The git Command 835 Accessing Git’s Online Help 836 git Subcommands 836 add 836 archive 837 bisect 838 branch 839 checkout 840 cherry-pick 841 clean 842 clone 842 commit 843 config 844 diff 845 fetch 846 gc 846 gitk 847 grep 847 init 848 log 848 merge 850 mv 851 pull 851 push 852 rebase 853 reflog 854 remote 855 reset 856 revert 857 rm 857 stash 858 status 858 tag 859 Virtualization Command-LineTools 861 Conceptual Overview 862 System Requirements 862 Virtualization Technology 863 Network Concepts 863 libvirt Tools and Terminology 863 Basic Virtualization Operations 864 Creating Virtual Systems 864 Examples 865 Managing Virtual Systems 865 Graphic and Console Interfaces 866 Configuring Networks 866 MAC Addresses 868 Making Changes to Virtual Machines 868 Creating and Manipulating Disk Image Files 868 Xen 869 Paravirtualization and Architecture 870 Xen Networking 870 Xen Commands 870 xm 870 xentop 872 KVM 873 QEMU 873 Ubuntu Builder Scripts 874 libvirt and Red Hat Virtual Machine Manager 874 XML Configuration Files 874 Connection URIs 874 Connection URI Examples 874 Remote GUI control 875 IP Forwarding and libvirt Networking 875 libvirt and Virtual Machine Manager Commands 876 virsh 876 virt-clone 880 virt-image 881 virt-install 882 virt-viewer 885 virt-manager 885 VMware ESX 3.5 886 ESX Management Client 886 Virtual Center 886 VMware Networking 887 Shared Disks 887 Snapshots 887 VMware Tools 888 ESX Server Commands 888 esxcfg-firewall 888 esxcfg-vswif 889 esxcfg-vswitch 890 esxcfg-nics 891 esxtop 891 vmware-cmd 892 vmkfstools 894 Index 899 Table of Contents......Page 7 Preface......Page 17 Organization of This Book......Page 18 Websites......Page 19 Online Linux Support......Page 20 Using Code Examples......Page 21 Conventions......Page 22 Safari® Books Online......Page 23 Acknowledgments......Page 24 Introduction......Page 25 The Excitement of Linux......Page 26 Commands on Linux......Page 27 What This Book Offers......Page 28 Sources and Licenses......Page 30 Communication......Page 31 File Management......Page 32 Programming......Page 33 Searching......Page 34 System Status......Page 35 Text Processing......Page 36 Miscellaneous......Page 37 Daemons......Page 38 Host Information......Page 39 Managing Filesystems......Page 40 Managing the Kernel......Page 41 Security and System Integrity......Page 42 System Activity and Process Management......Page 43 Miscellaneous......Page 44 TCP/IP Administration......Page 45 Overview of TCP/IP......Page 46 IP Addresses......Page 47 Routing daemons......Page 49 Domain names......Page 50 Network interfaces......Page 51 Overview of Firewalls and Masquerading......Page 52 Overview of NFS......Page 53 Mounting Filesystems......Page 54 Map Manipulation Utilities......Page 55 RPC and XDR......Page 56 Linux Commands......Page 57 aclocal......Page 58 acpi......Page 59 acpid......Page 60 addr2line......Page 61 agetty......Page 62 alsactl......Page 63 amidi......Page 64 amixer......Page 65 aplay......Page 67 aplaymidi......Page 68 apmd......Page 69 apt......Page 70 ar......Page 71 arecordmidi......Page 72 arp......Page 73 as......Page 74 at......Page 75 autoconf......Page 77 autoheader......Page 78 automake......Page 79 autoreconf......Page 80 autoscan......Page 81 badblocks......Page 82 basename......Page 83 bc......Page 84 bison......Page 88 bzip2......Page 89 c++filt......Page 91 cat......Page 92 cdparanoia......Page 93 cdrdao......Page 95 cfdisk......Page 99 chage......Page 100 chattr......Page 101 chgrp......Page 102 chkconfig......Page 103 chmod......Page 104 chown......Page 106 chrt......Page 107 clear......Page 108 col......Page 109 comm......Page 110 cp......Page 111 cpio......Page 113 cpp......Page 116 crontab......Page 122 csplit......Page 123 ctags......Page 124 cupsd......Page 125 cut......Page 126 date......Page 127 dd......Page 129 debugfs......Page 131 depmod......Page 134 devdump......Page 135 df......Page 136 diff......Page 137 diff3......Page 139 dig......Page 140 dircolors......Page 142 doexec......Page 143 du......Page 144 dump......Page 146 dumpkeys......Page 148 e2fsck......Page 149 e2image......Page 150 edquota......Page 151 eject......Page 152 env......Page 154 etags......Page 155 expand......Page 156 expr......Page 157 fc-cache......Page 159 fdisk......Page 160 file......Page 161 find......Page 163 flex......Page 167 fmt......Page 168 formail......Page 169 fsck......Page 171 ftp......Page 172 ftpd......Page 177 fuser......Page 178 gawk......Page 179 gcc......Page 180 gdb......Page 187 genisoimage......Page 189 gpg......Page 197 gpgsplit......Page 201 gpm......Page 202 gprof......Page 205 grep......Page 206 groff......Page 209 groupadd......Page 211 grpck......Page 212 gs......Page 213 gzexe......Page 214 gzip......Page 215 hdparm......Page 216 hexdump......Page 220 host......Page 221 hostname......Page 222 hunspell......Page 223 icedax......Page 224 iconv......Page 227 ifconfig......Page 228 info......Page 231 initctl......Page 232 insmod......Page 233 install......Page 234 ip......Page 235 ipcrm......Page 239 iptables......Page 240 iptables-restore......Page 246 isoinfo......Page 247 ispell......Page 248 join......Page 250 kill......Page 251 killall......Page 252 klogd......Page 253 lastb......Page 254 ld......Page 255 ldconfig......Page 258 less......Page 259 lesskey......Page 266 lftp......Page 268 ln......Page 271 loadkeys......Page 272 locale......Page 273 locate......Page 274 lockfile......Page 275 login......Page 276 logrotate......Page 277 lpadmin......Page 280 lpr......Page 282 lprm......Page 283 ls......Page 284 lspci......Page 287 m4......Page 288 mailq......Page 289 mailx......Page 290 make......Page 299 makedbm......Page 305 makemap......Page 306 man......Page 307 md5sum......Page 309 mesg......Page 310 mkdosfs......Page 311 mke2fs......Page 312 mkfs.ext3......Page 315 mknod......Page 316 mktemp......Page 317 modprobe......Page 318 more......Page 319 mount......Page 321 mt......Page 324 mv......Page 326 named......Page 327 namei......Page 328 nc......Page 329 netstat......Page 330 nfsd......Page 332 nice......Page 333 nm......Page 334 nsupdate......Page 335 objcopy......Page 337 objdump......Page 341 od......Page 343 passwd......Page 346 paste......Page 347 patch......Page 348 pathchk......Page 350 ping......Page 351 portmap......Page 353 pppd......Page 354 pr......Page 356 printf......Page 358 ps......Page 359 ptx......Page 366 pwck......Page 367 quota......Page 368 quotacheck......Page 369 quotaon......Page 370 rcp......Page 371 rdist......Page 372 readcd......Page 374 readelf......Page 375 readom......Page 376 rename......Page 378 repquota......Page 379 resize2fs......Page 380 restore......Page 381 rexec......Page 383 rlogind......Page 384 rm......Page 385 rmmod......Page 386 rndc......Page 387 route......Page 388 rpcbind......Page 389 rpcinfo......Page 390 rshd......Page 391 rsync......Page 392 rsyslogd......Page 399 scanimage......Page 400 scp......Page 402 screen......Page 403 sdiff......Page 408 sendmail......Page 409 sensors......Page 416 setleds......Page 417 setquota......Page 418 setterm......Page 419 sftp......Page 422 showkey......Page 423 shred......Page 424 shutdown......Page 425 slabtop......Page 426 sleep......Page 427 sort......Page 428 split......Page 429 ssh......Page 430 ssh-add......Page 433 ssh-keygen......Page 434 ssh-keyscan......Page 435 sshd......Page 436 stat......Page 437 strace......Page 440 strings......Page 442 strip......Page 443 stty......Page 444 su......Page 449 sudo......Page 450 swapon......Page 451 sysklogd......Page 452 tac......Page 453 tail......Page 454 tar......Page 455 tcpdump......Page 461 tcpslice......Page 463 telinit......Page 464 telnet......Page 465 telnetd......Page 466 test......Page 467 time......Page 469 tmpwatch......Page 471 top......Page 472 touch......Page 476 tr......Page 477 tracepath......Page 478 traceroute......Page 479 tset......Page 480 tune2fs......Page 481 ul......Page 484 uname......Page 485 unexpand......Page 486 uniq......Page 487 useradd......Page 488 usermod......Page 490 usleep......Page 491 vidmode......Page 492 vmstat......Page 493 wall......Page 495 watch......Page 496 wc......Page 497 wget......Page 498 whereis......Page 504 which......Page 505 who......Page 506 whois......Page 507 wodim......Page 508 xargs......Page 512 xinetd......Page 514 yacc......Page 517 ypbind......Page 518 ypinit......Page 519 yppasswdd......Page 520 yppush......Page 521 ypserv......Page 522 yptest......Page 523 ypxfr......Page 524 zforce......Page 525 zmore......Page 526 znew......Page 527 Boot Methods......Page 528 The Boot Process......Page 529 LILO: The Linux Loader......Page 530 The LILO Configuration File......Page 531 Global options......Page 532 Image options......Page 536 Kernel options......Page 537 The lilo Command......Page 538 lilo Command Options......Page 539 GRUB: The Grand Unified Bootloader......Page 540 Installing GRUB......Page 542 Creating a GRUB boot floppy......Page 543 Using grub-install......Page 544 The GRUB Configuration File......Page 545 The GRUB Shell......Page 547 GRUB Commands......Page 549 device......Page 550 partnew......Page 551 serial......Page 552 terminal......Page 553 boot......Page 554 dump......Page 555 impsprobe......Page 556 install......Page 557 modulenounzip......Page 558 setup......Page 559 Dual-Booting Linux and Windows 2000/XP/Vista......Page 560 Boot-Time Kernel Options......Page 563 initrd: Using a RAM Disk......Page 565 Package Management......Page 566 The yum Command......Page 569 General options......Page 570 check-update......Page 571 groupremove......Page 572 localinstall......Page 573 shell......Page 574 Plugins and yum-utils......Page 575 RPM Package Concepts......Page 576 The rpm Command......Page 577 Install, upgrade, and freshen options......Page 578 Package-selection options......Page 581 Package-query options......Page 583 Verify options......Page 584 Signature-check options......Page 586 RPM Examples......Page 587 rpmbuild options......Page 588 Files......Page 589 Package Priorities......Page 590 Package Flags......Page 591 Scripts......Page 592 apt-cache......Page 593 apt-cdrom......Page 595 apt-config......Page 596 apt- extracttemplates......Page 597 apt-ftparchive......Page 598 apt-get......Page 599 aptitude......Page 603 dpkg......Page 607 dpkg-deb......Page 612 dpkg-query......Page 614 dpkg-split......Page 615 dselect......Page 616 synaptic......Page 618 The Bash Shell......Page 620 Invoking the Shell......Page 621 Options......Page 622 Filename Metacharacters......Page 623 Quoting......Page 624 Examples......Page 625 Redirection Forms......Page 626 Redirection using file descriptors......Page 627 Coprocesses......Page 628 Functions......Page 629 Variable Substitution......Page 630 Built-in Shell Variables......Page 631 Other Shell Variables......Page 633 Arrays......Page 635 Special Prompt Strings......Page 636 Examples......Page 637 The fc Command......Page 638 Programmable Completion......Page 639 Job Control......Page 641 Command Execution......Page 642 #......Page 643 alias......Page 644 bind......Page 645 case......Page 646 command......Page 647 complete......Page 648 declare......Page 650 dirs......Page 651 echo......Page 652 eval......Page 653 export......Page 654 fg......Page 655 for......Page 656 hash......Page 657 history......Page 658 jobs......Page 659 logout......Page 660 popd......Page 661 pwd......Page 662 read......Page 663 select......Page 664 set......Page 665 shopt......Page 667 test......Page 671 trap......Page 674 type......Page 675 umask......Page 676 while......Page 677 Filenames Versus Patterns......Page 678 Search Patterns......Page 679 Replacement Patterns......Page 680 Metacharacters, Listed by Program......Page 681 Examples of Searching......Page 682 Examples of Searching and Replacing......Page 683 Modes......Page 685 Notes on the Tables......Page 686 File-Handling Commands......Page 687 Deletion Commands......Page 688 Search Commands......Page 689 Window Commands......Page 690 Indentation Commands......Page 691 Detail Information Help Commands......Page 692 Control-Key Sequences......Page 693 Meta-Key Sequences......Page 695 Summary of Commands by Name......Page 696 Conceptual Overview......Page 701 Command-Line Options......Page 702 Syntax of vi Commands......Page 705 Visual mode (vim only)......Page 706 Text......Page 707 Screens......Page 708 Marks......Page 709 Insert Commands......Page 710 Changing and deleting text......Page 711 Saving and Exiting......Page 712 Window Commands......Page 713 Interacting with the System......Page 714 Miscellaneous Commands......Page 715 Options Used by :set......Page 716 Addresses......Page 720 abbreviate......Page 721 cd......Page 722 edit......Page 723 hide......Page 724 map......Page 725 next......Page 726 qall......Page 727 right......Page 728 split......Page 729 t......Page 730 view......Page 731 wq......Page 732 !......Page 733 ~......Page 734 Typical Uses of sed......Page 735 Standard Options......Page 736 Syntax of sed Commands......Page 737 Pattern Addressing Examples......Page 738 Group Summary of sed Commands......Page 739 Yanking and Putting......Page 740 =......Page 741 c......Page 742 G......Page 743 i......Page 744 N......Page 745 Q......Page 746 s......Page 747 t......Page 748 y......Page 749 Conceptual Overview......Page 750 Command-Line Syntax......Page 751 Important gawk Options......Page 752 Patterns......Page 753 Simple Pattern-Procedure Examples......Page 754 Built-in Variables......Page 755 Variable and Array Assignment......Page 756 Escape sequences......Page 757 User-Defined Functions......Page 758 Profiling......Page 759 Internationalization......Page 760 Group Listing of awk Functions and Commands......Page 761 asorti......Page 762 dcngettext......Page 763 for......Page 764 gsub......Page 765 mktime......Page 766 rand......Page 767 strtonum......Page 768 tolower......Page 769 printf Formats......Page 770 Introduction and Terminology......Page 773 Usage Models......Page 775 Source Code Management Systems......Page 776 Other Source Code Management Systems......Page 777 Basic Version-Control Operations......Page 779 Key Features......Page 780 Special File Properties......Page 781 Valid subversion keywords......Page 782 Using Subversion: A Quick Tour......Page 783 Common svn Options......Page 785 svn Subcommands......Page 790 blame......Page 791 changelist......Page 792 checkout......Page 793 cleanup......Page 794 commit......Page 795 copy......Page 796 delete......Page 797 diff......Page 798 export......Page 799 import......Page 800 info......Page 801 list......Page 802 log......Page 803 merge......Page 805 mkdir......Page 806 move......Page 807 propedit......Page 808 proplist......Page 809 propset......Page 810 resolved......Page 811 status......Page 812 switch......Page 815 update......Page 817 Common svnadmin Options......Page 818 dump......Page 819 load......Page 820 rmtxns......Page 821 setuuid......Page 822 svnlook Options......Page 823 diff......Page 824 info......Page 825 proplist......Page 826 Providing Remote Access: svnserve......Page 827 svnserve Options......Page 828 Conceptual Overview......Page 829 Referring to Commits......Page 830 Before You Start......Page 832 Example: The Linux Kernel Repository......Page 833 Creating and Sharing a New Repository......Page 834 The git Command......Page 835 add......Page 836 archive......Page 837 bisect......Page 838 branch......Page 839 checkout......Page 840 cherry-pick......Page 841 clone......Page 842 commit......Page 843 config......Page 844 diff......Page 845 gc......Page 846 grep......Page 847 log......Page 848 merge......Page 850 pull......Page 851 push......Page 852 rebase......Page 853 reflog......Page 854 remote......Page 855 reset......Page 856 rm......Page 857 status......Page 858 tag......Page 859 Virtualization Command-LineTools......Page 861 System Requirements......Page 862 libvirt Tools and Terminology......Page 863 Creating Virtual Systems......Page 864 Managing Virtual Systems......Page 865 Configuring Networks......Page 866 Creating and Manipulating Disk Image Files......Page 868 Xen......Page 869 xm......Page 870 xentop......Page 872 QEMU......Page 873 Connection URI Examples......Page 874 IP Forwarding and libvirt Networking......Page 875 virsh......Page 876 virt-clone......Page 880 virt-image......Page 881 virt-install......Page 882 virt-manager......Page 885 Virtual Center......Page 886 Snapshots......Page 887 esxcfg-firewall......Page 888 esxcfg-vswif......Page 889 esxcfg-vswitch......Page 890 esxtop......Page 891 vmware-cmd......Page 892 vmkfstools......Page 894 Index......Page 899 Everything you need to know about Linux is in this book. Written by Stephen Figgins, Ellen Siever, Robert Love, and Arnold Robbins -- people with years of active participation in the Linux community -- Linux in a Nutshell , Sixth Edition, thoroughly covers programming tools, system and network administration tools, the shell, editors, and LILO and GRUB boot loaders. This updated edition offers a tighter focus on Linux system essentials, as well as more coverage of new capabilities such as virtualization, wireless network management, and revision control with git. It also highlights the most important options for using the vast number of Linux commands. You'll find many helpful new tips and techniques in this reference, whether you're new to this operating system or have been using it for years. Get the Linux commands for system administration and network management Use hundreds of the most important shell commands available on Linux Understand the Bash shell command-line interpreter Search and process text with regular expressions Manage your servers via virtualization with Xen and VMware Use the Emacs text editor and development environment, as well as the vi, ex, and vim text-manipulation tools Process text files with the sed editor and the gawk programming language Manage source code with Subversion and git Printing History January 1997 First Edition. February 1999 Second Edition. August 2000 Third Edition.