Intercultural User Interface Design (Human–Computer Interaction Series)

The path for developing an internationally usable product with a human-machine interface is described in this textbook, from theory to conception and from design to practical implementation. The most important concepts in the fields of philosophy, communication, culture and Ethnocomputing as the basis of intercultural user interface design are explained. The book presents directly usable and implementable knowledge that is relevant for the processes of internationalization and localization of software. Aspects of software ergonomics, software engineering and human-centered design are presented in an intercultural context; general and concrete recommendations and checklists for immediate use in product design are also provided. Each chapter includes the target message, its motivation and theoretical justification as well as the practical methods to achieve the intended benefit from the respective topic. The book opens with an introduction illuminating the background necessary for taking culture into account in Human Computer Interaction (HCI) design. Definitions of concepts are followed by a historical overview of the importance of taking culture into account in HCI design. Subsequently, the structures, processes, methods, models, and approaches concerning the relationship between culture and HCI design are illustrated to cover the most important questions in practice. -- Provided by publisher Preface 7 Acknowledgements 8 Contents 9 About the Author 15 Abbreviations 16 1 Introduction 20 1.1 Introduction 20 1.2 Motivation and Benefits 21 1.3 Definition, Goal, and Procedure 24 1.4 About This Book 25 1.5 Summary, Conclusion, and Outlook 27 References 29 2 Thinking and Acting 30 2.1 Culture and Cultural Models 30 2.1.1 Concept of Culture 31 2.1.2 Definition of Culture 32 2.1.3 Cultural Differences 33 2.1.4 Cultural Models 35 2.1.5 Cultural Distance 39 2.1.6 Tendencies of Cultural Dimensions 40 2.2 Philosophy, Communication, and Action Competence 42 2.2.1 Philosophy 43 2.2.2 Communication 47 2.2.3 Decision-Making Competence 49 2.3 Process, Project, and Quality Management 51 2.3.1 Project Management 52 2.3.2 Process Management 56 2.3.2.1 Greater Project Success Through “Guanxi” 57 2.3.2.2 Relationship Networks 58 2.3.2.3 Better Understanding 59 2.3.2.4 Elimination of Prejudices 59 2.3.3 Quality Management 59 2.4 Summary, Conclusion, and Outlook 61 References 64 3 Software Engineering 67 3.1 Intercultural Software Engineering 68 3.1.1 “Ethnocomputing” 68 3.1.2 Localization (L10N) 70 3.1.3 Internationalization (I18N) 72 3.1.4 TLCC Model of Internationalization 75 3.1.5 “Interculturality”—Opportunities and Limits of L10N and I18N 76 3.2 Global Product Development Cycle 77 3.2.1 Activities Within the Global Product Development Cycle 77 3.2.2 Project and Process Planning 80 3.2.3 Requirements Analysis in an Intercultural Context 82 3.2.4 Concept Creation in the Design Phase 83 3.2.5 Implementation of Requirements in Products 84 3.2.6 System Evaluation for Requirements Validation 84 3.3 Summary, Conclusion, and Outlook 85 References 88 4 Usability Engineering 90 4.1 Human–Machine Interaction (HMI) 91 4.1.1 User Interface 91 4.1.2 Action Level Model 93 4.1.3 Mental Models 95 4.1.4 Metaphors 98 4.1.5 Information and Interaction 98 4.1.6 Dialogue—Combination of Information and Interaction 100 4.1.7 Dialogue Principles 101 4.2 Ergonomics 104 4.2.1 Design Rules 106 4.3 Usability 108 4.3.1 Properties of Systems with a High Degree of Usability 108 4.3.2 Context of Use 109 4.3.3 User Experience 110 4.4 Usability Engineering Process 111 4.4.1 Principles of the Human-Centered Design Process 113 4.4.2 Planning the Human-Centered Design Process 115 4.4.3 Human-Centered Design Activities 116 4.4.4 Roles in the Human-Centered Design Process 117 4.4.5 Usability Heuristics 118 4.5 Dialogue Principles and Their Use 120 4.5.1 Example: Suitability for the Tasks 121 4.5.2 Discussion and Conclusion 123 4.6 Intercultural Usability Engineering 124 4.7 Summary, Conclusion, and Outlook 128 References 132 5 User Interface Design 138 5.1 Human–Machine Interaction (HMI) in a Cultural Context 139 5.1.1 User Interaction 141 5.1.2 User(Groups) 145 5.1.3 Context of Use 145 5.2 Cultural Models for the HMI Design 146 5.2.1 Reduction of the Conceptual Complexity of Cultural Models 148 5.2.2 Relevant Cultural Models for HMI Design 149 5.2.3 Implications of Cultural Models for Intercultural HMI Design 152 5.3 Intercultural User Interface Design (IUID) 153 5.3.1 Intercultural HMI Design 154 5.3.2 Approaches of Intercultural User Interface Design 155 5.3.3 Levels of Intercultural User Interface Design 157 5.4 IUID Concepts and Methods 159 5.4.1 Intercultural and Cultural Variables 159 5.4.2 Method of Culture-Oriented Design 162 5.4.3 User Interface Characteristics 164 5.4.4 HMI Dimensions 165 5.4.5 Models and Theories 169 5.4.6 Processes, Standards, and Tools 171 5.5 Summary, Conclusion, Outlook 174 References 179 6 IUID in Theory—Scientific Research 184 6.1 Status of IUID Research 185 6.1.1 Historical Development 185 6.1.2 Research Questions and Disciplines Involved 186 6.1.3 Studies and Contents 188 6.2 Methods for Obtaining an Explanatory Model for Culture-Dependent HMI 194 6.2.1 Data-Driven Approach 196 6.2.2 Hypothesis-Driven Approach 201 6.2.3 Hybrid Approach 204 6.3 Path to an Explanatory Model of Culture-Dependent HMI 206 6.3.1 Presumed Connections Between Cultural Dimensions and HMI Dimensions 208 6.3.2 Approaches to an Explanatory Model of Culturally Influenced HMI 208 6.3.3 Methodological and Empirical Problems of Modeling 216 6.4 Challenges of IUID Research 220 6.4.1 Complexity of Cultural Systems 220 6.4.2 Different Approaches 220 6.4.3 High Research Expenditure 221 6.4.4 Lack of Empirical Confirmation 221 6.4.5 Use of Cultural Dimensions 222 6.4.6 Future Research Directions 223 6.5 Summary, Conclusion, Outlook 225 References 230 7 IUID in Practice—Industrial Development 238 7.1 Process 239 7.2 Requirements Analysis and Concept Development 242 7.2.1 Excursion: Usage-Centered Design Approach to Systematic Modeling 245 7.2.2 Context of Use and User Requirements 249 7.3 Components of a Localization Project 251 7.3.1 Core Elements of Translation and Localisation 253 7.3.2 Localization Kits (LocKits)/L10 N-KIT 254 7.4 Design Elements and Their Implementation 255 7.4.1 Cultural Influence on Information Architecture and Interaction Design 255 7.4.2 Model for Culture-Dependent HMI Design 258 7.4.3 Design Elements 259 7.4.3.1 Terminology 260 7.4.3.2 Icons and Symbols 262 7.4.3.3 Diagrams, (Animated) Graphics, Photos 264 7.4.3.4 Sign Systems 265 7.4.3.5 Formats 269 7.4.3.6 Colors 270 7.4.3.7 Character Sets and Fonts 270 7.4.3.8 Language and Style 272 7.4.3.9 Layout 273 7.4.4 Tool Support 275 7.4.4.1 User Interface Toolkits 275 7.4.4.2 Benefits and Limitations of Toolkits 276 7.4.5 Excursion: Tool Support via IIA Tool 277 7.5 Evaluation and Testing 279 7.5.1 Software Technical Quality Assurance 280 7.5.2 Software Ergonomic Quality Assurance 280 7.5.3 Culture-Dependent Evaluation Methods 281 7.5.4 Culture-Independent Evaluation Methods 282 7.6 Summary, Conclusion, Outlook 285 References 290 8 Summary, Conclusion and Outlook 293 8.1 Summary 294 8.1.1 Introduction 294 8.1.2 Thinking and Acting 294 8.1.3 Software Engineering 296 8.1.4 Usability Engineering 298 8.1.5 User Interface Design 302 8.1.6 IUID in Theory—Scientific Research 306 8.1.7 IUID in Practice—Industrial Development 310 8.2 Conclusion 315 8.3 Outlook 316 References 320 9 Annex A: Norms and Standards 324 9.1 Norms and Standards Used in Chaps. 1–8 324 9.2 User-Centered Design Standards 325 9.3 Standard Types for HMI and Usability 325 9.4 Usability Definitions 326 9.5 Application in Context 327 9.6 Software Interface and Interaction 327 9.7 Capability of the Organization 333 9.8 CHMI and SPICE 335 Reference 335 10 Appendix B: Checklists 336 10.1 Checklists from Chaps. 1–8 337 10.1.1 Introduction 337 10.1.2 Thinking and Acting 338 10.1.3 Software Engineering 339 10.1.4 Usability Engineering 340 10.1.5 User Interface Design 341 10.1.6 IUID in Theory—Scientific Research 342 10.1.7 IUID in Practice—Industrial Development 343 10.1.8 Summary, Conclusion, Outlook 344 10.2 General I18N-L10N Checklist 344 10.2.1 Localization Process 345 10.2.2 Language 346 10.2.3 Software 346 10.2.4 Documentation 347 10.2.5 Usability Test 347 10.3 Tips for Translating User Interfaces 348 10.3.1 General Information 348 10.3.2 Language and Style 348 10.3.3 Elements Not to Be Translated 349 10.3.4 Quality Assurance Tips 349 10.4 CJKV 349 10.5 User Interfaces 352 10.6 Unicode 353 10.7 Design and Evaluation Criteria for Intercultural User Interfaces 353 References 354 11 Annex C: Further Information 355 11.1 Further Literature 355 11.2 Institutions 356 11.3 Tools 357 11.4 Links 358 Index 360 Front Matter ....Pages i-xxii Introduction (Rüdiger Heimgärtner)....Pages 1-10 Thinking and Acting (Rüdiger Heimgärtner)....Pages 11-47 Software Engineering (Rüdiger Heimgärtner)....Pages 49-71 Usability Engineering (Rüdiger Heimgärtner)....Pages 73-120 User Interface Design (Rüdiger Heimgärtner)....Pages 121-166 IUID in Theory—Scientific Research (Rüdiger Heimgärtner)....Pages 167-220 IUID in Practice—Industrial Development (Rüdiger Heimgärtner)....Pages 221-275 Summary, Conclusion and Outlook (Rüdiger Heimgärtner)....Pages 277-307 Annex A: Norms and Standards (Rüdiger Heimgärtner)....Pages 309-320 Appendix B: Checklists (Rüdiger Heimgärtner)....Pages 321-339 Annex C: Further Information (Rüdiger Heimgärtner)....Pages 341-345 Back Matter ....Pages 347-352