Insect Behavior : 2nd Edition

For thirty years, __Insect Behavior__ served as students’ sole overview of a field of study that is growing exponentially. Considerably updated and expanded, this second edition still retains its constructive balance between modern developments and historical insights, between new examples and old, between empirical work and theory, and between pertinent conclusions and the dynamic field and laboratory experiences from which such discoveries arise. Twenty-six case studies, 45 new color plates and 173 figures (over 40% of them new) add richness to the well-written, accessible text. Springer 9048123887 1 Insect Behavior Second Edition 3 Preface to the Second Edition 5 Contents 7 Case Studies 12 1 The History and Scope of Insect Behavior 13 1.1 Introduction 13 1.1.1 What Is Insect Behavior? 13 1.1.2 Insect Behavior's Biological Context 15 1.1.3 Historical Foundations 18 1.1.4 The Watershed Years 21 1.1.5 The Rise of Ethology 25 1.2 Conceptual Frameworks 27 1.2.1 Evolution by Natural Selection 27 1.2.2 Genetics and Behavior 29 1.2.3 The Comparative Approach 36 1.2.4 Conceptual Pitfalls 37 1.3 Phylogenys Role 40 1.3.1 Microevolution and Macroevolution 40 1.3.2 Phylogenetic Systematics and Cladistics 45 1.3.3 Behavior and Speciation 48 1.4 Questions and Perspectives 50 1.4.1 Proximate and Ultimate Analyses 52 1.4.2 Types of Approach 53 Case Study 1.1: Foraging Onset in the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera 50 2 Programming and Integrating Behavior 57 2.1 Introduction 57 2.2 Nerve-Based Coordination 58 2.2.1 The Insect Nervous System 59 2.2.2 Simple Reflexes and Repeated Motor Patterns 62 Case Study 2.1: Escape Behavior in the Cockroach, Periplaneta 65 2.2.3 Ethological Explanations 68 2.3 Life in a Stimulus-Rich World 71 2.3.1 Sensory Tuning and Filtering 72 2.4 Case Study 2.2: How Noctuid Moths Hear Bats 71 2.3.2 Memory and Learning 80 Case Study 2.3: Learning in the Parasitoid Wasp,Hyssopus 75 2.3.3 Insect Intelligence 93 2.4 Hormone-Based Coordination 95 2.4.1 Clocks and Reiterative Rhythms 98 2.4.2 Gated Rhythms 100 Case Study 2.4: Initiation of Adult Behavior in Saturniid Moths 101 3 Spatial Adjustment 104 3.1 Introduction 104 3.2 Locomotion 105 3.2.1 Terrestrial and Aquatic Locomotion 107 3.2.2 Aerial Locomotion 109 3.3 Orientation 111 3.3.1 Locomotory Responses 112 3.3.2 Posture and Position 114 3.3.3 Orientation to Radiant Energy 116 3.3.4 Magnetic Field Orientation 119 3.3.5 Orientation to the Evidence of Others' Presence 120 3.4 Thermoregulation 120 3.4.1 Dormancy and Thermotolerance 121 3.4.2 Regulation of Heat Gain 124 3.4.3 Heat Production 125 3.5 Migration 127 3.5.1 Seasonal Migration 128 Case Study 3.1: Migration in the Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus 129 3.5.2 Migration Under Ephemeral Conditions 133 3.5.3 Dispersal and Navigation 135 4 Foraging and Feeding 141 4.1 Introduction 141 4.1.1 Food Recognition and Acceptance 144 4.1.2 Regulation of Feeding 147 4.2 Foraging Strategies 150 4.2.1 Herbivory 151 4.2.2 Active Search 151 4.2.3 Trapping and Ambush 156 4.2.4 Parasites and Parasitoids 158 4.2.5 Theft and Kleptoparasitism 162 4.2.6 Insect Agriculture 164 4.2.7 Nest Symbionts: Becoming a House Pet 167 Case Study 4.1: Myrmecophily in the Rove Beetle, Atemeles 169 4.3 Coevolution and the Arms Race 173 4.3.1 Attack, Defense, and Counterattack 175 4.3.2 Employing Mercenaries for Protection 180 4.4 Case Study 4.2: Coevolution of Acacias and Their Ants, Pseudomyrmex 173 4.3.3 The Tommy Tucker Syndrome: Food in Return for Services 183 4.4 Case Study 4.3: Mutualism Between Fig Trees and the Wasp, Blastophaga 173 4.4 Feeding as a Communal Activity 187 4.4.1 Simple Groups and Feeding Aggregations 187 4.5 Case Study 4.4: Group Feeding and Cannibalism in the Willow Leaf Beetle, Plagiodera 187 4.4.2 Social Feeding Behaviors 191 5 Defense: A Survival Catalogue 195 5.1 Introduction 195 5.2 Defense Messages 196 5.3 Passive Messages 197 5.3.1 Crypsis: 'I'm Not Here'' 197 Case Study 5.1: Melanism in the Peppered Moth, Biston betularia 201 5.3.2 Systemic Defenses: 'I'm Noxious'' 204 5.3.3 Mimicry: 'I'm Someone Else'' 207 5.3.4 Aposematic Defenses: 'I'm Dangerous'' 212 5.4 Active Messages 214 5.4.1 Attack: 'I'm Turning the Tables'' 214 5.4.2 Startle: 'I'm Not What You Thought'' 219 5.4.3 Group Actions: 'We're in This Together'' 223 6 Chemical Communication 226 6.1 Introduction 226 6.2 Mechanisms of Chemical Communication 226 6.2.1 Odor Creation and Reception 227 6.2.2 Communication Through Chemistry 232 Case Study 6.1: Identification of the Mate Attractant of the Silkworm Moth, Bombyx mori 241 6.3 The Functions of Chemical Communication 236 6.3.1 Finding and Choosing Mates 237 6.3.2 Assembly, Aggregation, and Recruitment 240 6.4 Case Study 6.2: Aggregation in a Bark Beetle, Dendroctonus 236 6.3.3 Alarm and Alert 249 6.3.4 Host-Marking 251 6.4 Case Study 6.3: Host-Searching by an Ichneumonid Wasp, Pleolophus 252 6.3.5 Recognition 255 6.4 The Information Content of Pheromones 258 6.4.1 Physiological Adjustments: The Q/K Ratio 258 6.4.2 Pheromones as Language: Syntax and Lexicon 260 6.4.3 Exploitation and Code-Breaking 264 6.4.4 The Chemical Channel and Other Signal Modes 265 6.5 Chemical Communication and Insect Control 266 7 Visual Communication 269 7.1 Introduction 269 7.2 Bioluminescence 270 7.2.1 The Physiology of Insect Light Production 271 7.2.2 Bioluminescence as a Communication Method 272 7.3 Light Reception 276 7.3.1 Receptors and Form Perception 276 7.3.2 Visual Acuity and Flicker Vision 280 7.3.3 Polarized Light Perception 283 7.3.4 Color Vision 285 7.4 Functions of Visual Communication 287 7.4.1 Aggregation and Dispersion 289 7.4.2 Alarm 291 7.4.3 Sexual Signals 292 7.5 Case Study 7.1: Visual Communication in the Silver-Washed Fritillary, Argynnis paphia 294 7.4.4 Multimodal Signaling 296 8 Mechanocommunication 299 8.1 Introduction 299 8.2 Producing and Sending Signals 300 8.2.1 Sound Creation 301 8.2.2 Distance and Substrate 303 8.3 Receiving Signals 304 8.3.1 Vibration 306 Case Study 8.1: Vibrotaxis in the Thorn Bug, Umbonia crassicornis 308 8.3.2 Hearing 311 8.3.3 Communication by Touch 313 8.4 The Acoustic Channel 314 8.4.1 Parameters of Insect Song 315 8.4.2 Song Synchronies 316 8.4.3 Active Acoustics 319 8.4.4 Sound as a Communication Method 321 8.5 Functions of Insect Communicative Sounds 322 8.5.1 Protest, Alarm, and Aggression 322 Case Study 8.2: Aggressive Singing in Two Crickets, Acheta and Gryllus 325 8.5.2 Aposematic Sounds and Acoustic Mimicry 327 8.5.3 Sexual Signals 329 8.6 Case Study 8.3: Sexual Attraction in the Mosquito, Aedes aegypti 322 8.5.4 Social Sounds 335 Case Study 8.4: Communicatory Interaction in the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera 332 9 Reproductive Behavior 348 9.1 Introduction 348 9.2 Courtship and Mating 349 9.2.1 The Physiology of Mating Behavior 351 9.2.2 Reproduction Modes 353 9.2.3 Complexity and Plasticity 356 Case Study 9.1: Courtship in the Crane Fly, Tipula oleracea 358 9.2.4 Pollination and Male Reproductive Behavior 361 9.3 Courtship and Conflict 366 9.3.1 Dimorphism, Sexual Selection, and Mate Choice 368 Case Study 9.2: Female Choices in the Stalk-Eyed Fly, Cyrtodiopsis 372 9.3.2 Intrasexual Competition 376 9.3.3 Territoriality and Dominance 378 9.3.4 Nuptial Gifts 379 Case Study 9.3: Nuptial Gifting in the Arctiid Moth, Cosmosoma 372 9.4 Mating Systems and Parental Investment 387 9.5 Oviposition Behavior 388 9.5.1 Selecting a Site or Host 390 9.5.2 Reproductive Rates and Energy Allocation 394 10 Parental Behaviors and Social Life 396 10.1 Introduction 396 10.2 Social Organization 397 10.2.1 Aggregations and Simple Groups 397 10.2.2 Parent-Offspring Interactions 401 Case Study 10.1: Reversed Sex Roles in the Giant Water Bug, Abedus 405 10.2.3 Solitary and Communal Nesters 407 10.3 The Insect Social Register 414 10.3.1 The Ants 417 Case Study 10.2: Cyclical Foraging in Army Ants, Eciton 420 10.3.2 The Eusocial Wasps 423 10.3.3 The Bees 427 10.3.4 The Termites 430 10.3.5 Lesser Known Candidates 434 10.4 Implications and Correlates of Social Life 435 Case Study 10.3: Egg-Carrying in the Golden Egg Bug, Phyllomorpha 435 10.4.1 The Ecology of Parental Care 437 Case Study 10.4: Parental Care in the Stink Bug, Antiteuchus tripterus 439 10.4.2 Paradoxes of Insect Sociality 441 10.4.3 Interspecific Social Interactions 447 Credits 451 Plates 469 Index 508 ISBN-13:,9789048123889 Insect Behavior is the second edition of the text that for thirty years served as the fundamental introduction to a field of study that has been growing enormously. Today, new technologies and understandings are allowing questions to be shaped—and answered—in ways that once could not have been envisioned. However, massive new information also can overwhelm and obscure the broader perspectives needed to put new discoveries into context. Thus, the times fairly demand that students and non-specialists seek a wider understanding of diverse proximate and ultimate forces that cause animals to behave as they do. This book provides that opportunity. The authors strike a balance between modern developments and historical insights, between new examples and old, between empirical work and theory, and between pertinent conclusions and the dynamic field and laboratory experiences from which such discoveries arise. Considerably updated and expanded, this edition includes 26 case studies, as well as 45 new color plates and 173 figures (over 40% of them new) with detailed legends that add richness to the well-written, accessible text. Like the course that originally inspired it, Insect Behavior will find utility at the graduate and senior undergraduate level for college and university students. However, although some background in entomology or animal behavior is helpful, an in-depth knowledge is not a prerequisite. Thus, the book also invites comparative psychologists, science educators, and all others with an interest in the physically small but inestimably important creatures that comprise three-quarters of all animal life on our planet. For Thirty Years, Insect Behavior Served As Students' Sole Overview Of A Field Of Study That Is Growing Exponentially. Considerably Updated And Expanded, This Second Edition Still Retains Its Constructive Balance Between Modern Developments And Historical Insights, Between New Examples And Old, Between Empirical Work And Theory, And Between Pertinent Conclusions And The Dynamic Field And Laboratory Experiences From Which Such Discoveries Arise. Twenty-six Case Studies, 45 New Color Plates And More Then 170 Figures (over 40% Of Them New) With Detailed Legends Add Richness To The Well-written, Accessible Text.--jacket. The History And Scope Of Insect Behavior -- Programming And Integrating Behavior -- Foraging And Feeding -- Defense: A Survival Catalogue -- Chemical Communication -- Visual Communication -- Mechanocommunication -- Reproductive Behavior -- Parental Behaviors And Social Life. Robert W. Matthews, Janice R. Matthews. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Front Matter....Pages i-xiii The History and Scope of Insect Behavior....Pages 1-44 Programming and Integrating Behavior....Pages 45-91 Spatial Adjustment....Pages 93-129 Foraging and Feeding....Pages 131-184 Defense: A Survival Catalogue....Pages 185-215 Chemical Communication....Pages 217-259 Visual Communication....Pages 261-290 Mechanocommunication....Pages 291-339 Reproductive Behavior....Pages 341-388 Parental Behaviors and Social Life....Pages 389-443 Back Matter....Pages 445-514 This book offers a comprehensive overview of fundamental concepts of animal behavior as they relate to insects. Considerably updated and expanded, this new edition includes 26 case studies, as well as 45 new color plates and 173 figures (over 40% of them new) with detailed legends that add richness to the well-written, accessible text.