Guide to Nutritional Supplements

The rapidly expanding world of nutrition, functional foods and nutraceuticals, is increasingly complex. This Guide to Nutritional Supplements provides a concise and complete reference to the most common nutritionally significant elements. Including dietary guidelines, intake measurements and other contextual information, this Guide is the ideal reference for nutritionsts and dieticians facing an increasing public awareness of supplements and who many be augmenting their diets with OTC supplements. Focused on the nutritional values, impacts and interactions of supplements Provides a science-based approach to determining the appropriate selection and application of supplements for improved diet and nutrition COVER......Page 1 GUIDE TO NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS......Page 4 COPYRIGHT PAGE......Page 5 EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD......Page 6 PREFACE......Page 8 CONTRIBUTORS......Page 10 CONTENTS......Page 14 Amino acid Deficiencies and Supplementation......Page 18 Assessment of Amino Acid Function......Page 19 Alanine......Page 20 Arginine, Citrulline, Ornithine, and Proline (Figure 1)......Page 21 Cysteine, Cystine, Methionine, and Taurine (Figure 2)......Page 22 Glutamine, Glutamic acid, and Ornithine alpha-Ketoglutarate (Figure 3)......Page 23 Branched Chain Amino Acids (Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine)......Page 24 Phenylalanine and Tyrosine......Page 25 Tryptophan......Page 26 Iron Metabolism......Page 27 Iron Requirements......Page 29 Recommended Nutrient Intakes for Iron......Page 30 Indicators of Iron Deficiency and Anemia......Page 31 Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia......Page 32 Interventions: Prevention and Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia......Page 33 Further Reading......Page 35 Oxidant Stress......Page 36 Antioxidants Found Within the Human Body......Page 41 Dietary Antioxidants......Page 43 Summary and Concluding Remarks......Page 46 Intervention Studies......Page 48 Cardiovascular Disease......Page 49 Cancer......Page 50 Other Diseases Associated with Oxidative Damage......Page 54 Possible Explanations for the Disagreement between the Findings of Observational Studies and Clinical Trials......Page 55 Conclusion......Page 56 The Observational View of Dietary Antioxidants......Page 57 Vitamin C......Page 58 Vitamin E......Page 60 ‘Non-Nutrient’ Antioxidants......Page 62 Summary and Research Needs......Page 63 Further Reading......Page 64 Metabolism and Excretion......Page 65 Metabolic Functions of Ascorbic Acid......Page 66 Assessment of Vitamin C Status......Page 68 Requirements......Page 69 Dietary Sources and High Intakes......Page 70 Further Reading......Page 71 Absorption and Transport......Page 72 Metabolic Functions......Page 74 Assessment of Biotin Status......Page 77 Dietary Sources, Deficiency, and High Intakes......Page 78 Further Reading......Page 80 Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination......Page 82 Physiological and Pharmacological Properties......Page 84 Further Reading......Page 88 Absorption and Transport......Page 89 Metabolism and Excretion......Page 90 Changes in Calcium Metabolism during the Life Span......Page 92 Dietary Sources......Page 93 Further Reading......Page 94 Dietary Sources and Intakes......Page 95 Health Effects of Carbohydrates......Page 96 Low-Carbohydrate Diets......Page 98 Requirements and Recommendations......Page 99 Relevant Websites......Page 100 Resistant Starch......Page 101 Oligosaccharides......Page 105 Resistant Starch, Oligosaccharides, or Just Dietary Fiber?......Page 107 Further Reading......Page 108 Chemistry......Page 109 Reactions......Page 111 Dietary Sources......Page 113 Physiology......Page 114 Distribution and Impact on Health......Page 116 Further Reading......Page 117 Introduction......Page 118 Hydrocarbon Carotenoid: beta-Carotene......Page 120 Hydrocarbon Carotenoid: alpha-Carotene......Page 121 Hydrocarbon Carotenoid: Lycopene......Page 122 Summary......Page 123 Further Reading......Page 124 Choline in Foods......Page 125 Functional Effects of Varying Choline in the Diet......Page 126 Further Reading......Page 128 Copper Homeostasis......Page 129 Recommended Intakes......Page 130 Absorption and Excretion......Page 131 Copper Deficiency......Page 132 Conclusion......Page 133 Introduction......Page 134 Cholesterol and Cholesterolemia......Page 137 Further Reading......Page 139 Global Trends in CHD as a Reflection of Nutrition Transition......Page 140 Nutrients and CHD......Page 141 Food Items......Page 143 Composite Diets and CHD......Page 144 Prevention Pathways......Page 145 Further Reading......Page 146 Introduction......Page 148 Fiber in the Digestive Tract......Page 149 Conclusion......Page 153 Potential Role in Etiology of Disease......Page 154 Dietary Fiber, Complex Carbohydrates, and Health Outcomes: A Need for Fiber Equivalents?......Page 155 Dietary Fiber and the Etiology of Coronary Heart Disease......Page 156 Dietary Fiber and the Etiology of Cancers—Colon and Rectum......Page 157 Dietary Fiber and the Etiology of Hormone-Dependent Cancers......Page 159 Dietary Fiber, Obesity, and the Etiology of Diabetes......Page 160 Further Reading......Page 161 Hyperlipidemia......Page 162 Diabetes......Page 163 Bowel Disorders......Page 164 Relevant Websites......Page 166 Physical Properties of Fatty Acids......Page 168 Mitochondrial Fatty-Acid beta-Oxidation......Page 170 Peroxisomal Fatty-Acid beta-Oxidation......Page 171 Fatty-Acid alpha-Oxidation omega-Oxidation......Page 172 Fatty-Acid de novo Synthesis......Page 173 Fatty-Acid Elongation......Page 175 Fatty-Acid Unsaturation and the Essential Fatty Acids......Page 176 Fatty Acids as Components of Complex Lipids......Page 177 Fatty Acylation of Proteins......Page 178 Further Reading......Page 179 Cholesterol Metabolism......Page 180 Atherogenesis and Endothelial Dysfunction......Page 181 Thrombosis and Fibrinolysis......Page 182 Inflammation and Oxidative Damage......Page 184 Carcinogenesis......Page 185 Introduction......Page 186 n-6 and n-3 Fatty Acids: Sources, Desaturation and Elongation......Page 187 Evolutionary Aspects of Diet Relative to n-3 Fatty Acids and the n-6:n-3 Balance......Page 189 Eicosanoid Metabolism and Biological Effects of n-6 and n-3 Fatty Acids......Page 190 Nutrigenetics: Interaction between the n-6:n-3 Fatty Acids and the Genome......Page 191 Effects of Dietary ALA Compared with Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acid Derivatives on Physiologic Indexes......Page 193 Human Studies in Growth and Development......Page 195 Coronary Heart Disease......Page 197 Inflammation: a Common Base for the Development of Coronary Heart Disease, Diabetes, Arthritis, Mental Health, Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer......Page 198 Future Work, Conclusions, and Recommendations......Page 199 Further Reading......Page 200 Structure, Function, and Nutritional Requirements......Page 201 Endothelial Function, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Disease......Page 202 n-6 Fatty Acids and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease......Page 203 Conclusions......Page 205 Saturated......Page 206 Cholesterol Metabolism......Page 207 Platelet Aggregation......Page 208 Coagulation and Fibrinolysis......Page 209 Chemistry......Page 211 Analysis......Page 212 Sources and Intakes......Page 213 Physiology of trans Fatty Acids......Page 214 The Role of trans Fatty Acids in Coronary Heart Disease......Page 216 Dietary Guidelines......Page 217 Further Reading......Page 218 General Characteristics of Finfish......Page 219 Nutritional Value of Fish and Shellfish: Introductory Remarks......Page 220 Fish Lipids......Page 221 Fish Proteins......Page 223 Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds in Fish......Page 224 Fish Minerals......Page 225 Introduction......Page 228 Physiology and Biochemistry......Page 229 Human Folate Requirements......Page 232 Further Reading......Page 235 History......Page 236 Edible Plants and Phytochemicals......Page 238 Immune Modulators......Page 240 Designer Foods......Page 241 Further Reading......Page 242 History......Page 244 Iodine Deficiency Disorders......Page 245 Correction of Iodine Deficiency......Page 248 Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Disorders at the Country Level......Page 249 The Global Partnership......Page 250 Further Reading......Page 251 Absorption, Transport, and Storage......Page 252 Metabolic Functions......Page 254 Iodine Deficiency and Excess......Page 255 Requirements and Dietary Sources......Page 258 Further Reading......Page 259 Chemical and Physical Properties of Lycopene; its Food Sources and Enteral Absorption......Page 260 Functional Properties and Tissue Health......Page 263 Health, Research Models and Epidemiological Evidence......Page 264 Further Reading......Page 266 Magnesium Metabolism......Page 268 Dietary Sources of Magnesium......Page 269 Magnesium Deficit......Page 270 Recommended Dietary Allowances......Page 271 Further Reading......Page 272 Dietary Sources......Page 273 Physiological Role......Page 274 Manganese Deficiency......Page 277 Manganese Toxicity......Page 278 Further Reading......Page 280 Intestinal Microflora......Page 281 Probiotic Effects......Page 284 Safety......Page 286 Further Reading......Page 287 Absorption, Transport, and Storage......Page 290 Metabolism and Excretion......Page 291 Metabolic Function and Essentiality......Page 293 Requirements and Signs of Deficiency......Page 294 Dietary Sources, High Intakes, and Antimetabolites......Page 295 Further Reading......Page 296 Absorption, Transport and Storage, Status Measurement......Page 298 Metabolism and Turnover......Page 299 Metabolic Function and Essentiality......Page 300 Requirements......Page 301 Dietary Sources and High Intakes......Page 302 Dietary Sources of Phosphorus......Page 303 Phosphate Homeostatic Mechanisms......Page 304 Phosphate in Health and Disease......Page 305 Conclusions......Page 306 Classification and Occurrence......Page 307 Flavonoids......Page 308 Current Estimates of Intake......Page 310 Potential Mechanisms of Action......Page 311 Potential Health Effects......Page 312 Further Reading......Page 313 Epidemiological Sources of Evidence Indicating Potential Health Benefits of Phytochemicals......Page 314 Potential Importance of Flavonoids to Human Health: Molecular Mechanisms of Action......Page 318 Potential Importance of Phytoestrogens to Human Health: Molecular Mechanisms of Action......Page 320 Potential Importance of Glucosinolate Derivatives and Related Compounds to Human Health: Molecular Mechanisms of Action......Page 322 Potential Importance of Other Phytochemicals to Human Health: Molecular Mechanisms of Action......Page 323 Further Reading......Page 325 Adverse Effects of Insufficient Potassium......Page 326 Recommended Potassium Intake, Current Intake, and Dietary Sources......Page 328 Further Reading......Page 329 Absorption, Transport, and Storage......Page 330 Metabolism and Excretion......Page 332 Malaria......Page 334 Assessment of Riboflavin Status......Page 335 Requirements......Page 337 Further Reading......Page 338 Dietary Selenium, Absorption, and Mechanisms of Incorporation of Selenium into Selenoproteins......Page 340 Selenium Deficiency, Viral Disease and Mutation, and Immune Function......Page 342 Selenium Distribution, Status Assays, and Dietary Reference Values......Page 344 Selenium Interventions......Page 345 Conclusion......Page 346 Physiological, Clinical, and Nutritional Importance of Sodium......Page 347 Extracellular Sodium......Page 348 Regulation of ECF Sodium......Page 349 Adequate, Inadequate, and Excess Sodium......Page 350 Further Reading......Page 351 A History of Salt Intake......Page 352 Salt in Food Technology......Page 353 Salt and Disease......Page 354 Estimating Salt Intakes......Page 361 Implications of the Salt-Disease Relationships in Relation to Population and Individual Strategies for Improving Health......Page 362 Conclusions......Page 363 Introduction......Page 364 Influence of Exercise Training on Energy Balance......Page 365 Macronutrient Demands......Page 366 Water and Electrolyte Balance......Page 368 Dietary Supplements......Page 369 Developed Countries......Page 370 Research Approach for Determining the Health Impact of Micronutrient Supplements......Page 371 Evidence Supporting Recommendations for Micronutrient Supplement Use......Page 373 Further Reading......Page 377 Vitamin A Supplementation......Page 378 Iron/Folate Supplementation......Page 380 Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation......Page 381 Further Reading......Page 383 What Is a Dietary Supplement? How Are They Regulated in Different Countries?......Page 384 Product Quality and Safety Issues......Page 386 Label Claims......Page 387 Potential Benefits of Dietary Supplements......Page 388 Definition of Micronutrient Supplementation......Page 389 Cost of Micronutrient Interventions......Page 390 Vitamin A Supplementation......Page 391 Iron Supplementation......Page 392 Zinc Supplementation......Page 395 Further Reading......Page 396 Epidemiology......Page 398 Etiology......Page 400 Experimental Thiamin Deficiency in Man and Measurement of Thiamin Status......Page 401 Clinical Features of Beriberi......Page 402 Management/Treatment......Page 404 Lipid-Soluble Thiamin Derivatives......Page 405 Further Reading......Page 406 Dietary Sources of Thiamin......Page 407 Biological Functions......Page 409 Assessment of Thiamin Status......Page 411 Toxicity......Page 412 Further Reading......Page 413 Definition......Page 414 Metabolism and Excretion......Page 415 Requirements and High Intakes......Page 420 Further Reading......Page 426 Vegetarian Eating Patterns......Page 428 Nutritional Adequacy......Page 429 Conclusions......Page 432 Further Reading......Page 433 Vitamin A Status......Page 434 Binding Proteins......Page 435 Vitamin A and the Visual Cycle......Page 437 Vitamin A Homeostasis and Activation into atRA......Page 438 atRA Catabolism......Page 440 Physiological Functions of atRA......Page 441 Deficiency and Interventions......Page 442 Vitamin A Deficiency Disorders......Page 443 Epidemiology......Page 446 Impact of Interventions......Page 449 Management......Page 452 Further Reading......Page 453 Chemistry......Page 454 Dietary Sources and Nutritional Equivalency......Page 455 Transport and Metabolism......Page 456 Intestinal Metabolism......Page 457 Plasma Concentrations......Page 458 Physiological Actions......Page 459 Cell Morphology and Differentiation......Page 460 Recommended Dietary Allowances and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Vitamin A......Page 461 Further Reading......Page 463 Absorption and Metabolism......Page 464 Metabolic Functions of Vitamin B6......Page 465 Assessment of Vitamin B6 Nutritional Status......Page 468 Requirements and Reference Intakes......Page 469 Pharmacological Uses and Toxicity of Vitamin B6 Supplements......Page 470 Vitamin B6 Deficiency......Page 471 Further Reading......Page 472 Origin and Structure of Vitamin D......Page 473 Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion of Vitamin D......Page 474 Biologic Functions of Vitamin D on Calcium Metabolism......Page 475 Evaluation for and Consequences of Vitamin D Deficiency......Page 478 Recommended Dietary Intake of Vitamin D......Page 479 Further Reading......Page 482 Dietary Vitamin D Intakes and Low Vitamin D Status in the US......Page 483 Primary Causes and Abnormalities of Rickets and Osteomalacia......Page 484 Life Cycle Changes in Vitamin D Production and Metabolism......Page 485 Summary......Page 486 Further Reading......Page 487 General Description and Scientific Name......Page 488 Recommended Intake Levels......Page 490 Vitamin E Bioavailability......Page 492 Further Reading......Page 493 Chemistry......Page 494 Absorption Metabolism and Excretion......Page 495 Vitamin E Deficiency......Page 498 Tocopherols and Other Metabolic Functions......Page 499 Tocopherols and Cardiovascular Disease—Epidemiological Evidence......Page 500 Tocopherols and Other Diseases—Epidemiological Evidence......Page 501 Vitamin E Status and Requirements......Page 502 VITAMIN K......Page 503 Food Sources, Absorption, Distribution, and Turnover......Page 504 Physiological Functions of Vitamin K: Interaction with Antagonists......Page 505 Population Groups at Risk of Vitamin K Deficiency......Page 508 Status, Requirements, and Recommended Intakes......Page 509 Further Reading......Page 510 What are Whole Grains?......Page 512 Consumption of Whole Grains......Page 513 Whole Grains and Health......Page 514 Dietary Recommendations......Page 519 Further Reading......Page 520 Recognition of Zinc Deficiency in Developing Countries......Page 522 Causes of Zinc Deficiency in Developing Countries......Page 523 Prevalence of Zinc Deficiency in Developing Countries: Available Evidence......Page 524 Consequences of Zinc Deficiency in Developing Countries: Evidence Derived from Zinc Supplementation Trials......Page 525 Control of Zinc Deficiency in Developing Countries......Page 528 The History of Zinc as a Nutrient......Page 530 Control of Zinc Homeostasis......Page 531 Zinc Biochemistry......Page 532 Zinc Physiology......Page 534 Human Zinc Deficiency......Page 535 Recommended Intakes......Page 536 Further Reading......Page 537 INDEX......Page 538 The rapidly expanding world of nutrition, functional foods and nutraceuticals, is increasingly complex. This Guide to Nutritional Supplements provides a concise and complete reference to the most common nutritionally significant elements. Including dietary guidelines, intake measurements and other contextual information, this Guide is the ideal reference for nutritionsts and dieticians facing an increasing public awareness of supplements and who many be augmenting their diets with OTC supplements.

Focused on the nutritional values, impacts and interactions of supplements

Provides a science-based approach to determining the appropriate selection and application of supplements for improved diet and nutrition

"The rapidly expanding world of nutrition, functional foods and nutraceuticals, is increasingly complex. This Guide to Nutritional Supplements provides a concise and complete reference to the most common nutritionally significant elements. Including dietary guidelines, intake measurements and other contextual information, this Guide is the ideal reference for nutritionsts and dieticians facing an increasing public awareness of supplements and who many be augmenting their diets with OTC supplements."--Publisher's website