Gas Dynamics

Please Update Abstract Why Abstract Short Abstract Long Abstract Prologue Version 0.5.2 491 pages, 5.6M bytes April 18, 2022 Version 0.5.0 525 pages, 5.5M bytes July 13, 2021 Version 0.4.9 pp. ? Feb ?, 2012 Version 0.4.8.5a . July 21, 2009 Version 0.4.8 Jan. 23, 2008 Version 0.4.3 Sep. 15, 2006 Version 0.4.2 Version 0.4 Version 0.3 Nomenclature GNU Free Documentation License 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS 2. VERBATIM COPYING 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY 4. MODIFICATIONS 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS 8. TRANSLATION 9. TERMINATION 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents How to contribute to this book Credits John Martones Grigory Toker Ralph Menikoff Domitien Rataaforret Gary Settles Your name here Typo corrections and "minor" contributions Potto Prologue Version 0.5 Version 0.4.3 Version 0.4.1.7 Speed of Sound [beta] Stagnation effects [advance] Nozzle [advance] Normal Shock [advance] Minor Loss [NSV] Isothermal Flow [advance] Fanno Flow [advance] Rayleigh Flow [beta] Add mass [NSY] Evacuation and filling semi rigid Chambers [alpha] Evacuating and filling chambers under external forces [alpha] Oblique Shock [advance] Prandtl–Meyer Transient problem [NYP] General 1-D flow [NYP] Introduction What is Compressible Flow? Why Compressible Flow is Important? Historical Background Early Developments The shock wave puzzle Choking Flow External flow Filling and Evacuating Gaseous Chambers Biographies of Major Figures Review of Thermodynamics Basic Definitions Maximum Work of Expansion Process The Velocity–Temperature Diagram Basic of Fluid Mechanics Introduction Fluid Properties Kinds of Fluids Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity Bulk Modulus Mass Conservation Control Volume Continuity Equation Reynolds Transport Theorem Momentum Conservation Momentum Governing Equation Conservation Moment of Momentum Energy Conservation Approximation of Energy Equation Limitations of Integral Approach Differential Analysis Mass Conservation Momentum Equations or N–S equations Boundary Conditions and Driving Forces Speed of Sound Motivation Introduction Speed of Sound in Ideal and Perfect Gases Speed of Sound in Real Gases Speed of Sound in Almost Incompressible Liquid Sound in Variable Compressible Liquids Speed of Sound in Solids Sound Speed in Two Phase Medium The Dimensional Effect of the Speed of Sound Doppler Effect Acoustic Wave Equation – Derivation Hearing and Sound Waves Sound Wave in Three Dimensions Isentropic Flow Stagnation State for Ideal Gas Model General Relationship Relationships for Small Mach Number Isentropic Converging-Diverging Flow in Cross Section The Properties in the Adiabatic Nozzle Isentropic Flow Examples Mass Flow Rate (Number) Isentropic Tables Isentropic Isothermal Flow Nozzle The Impulse Function Impulse in Isentropic Adiabatic Nozzle The Impulse Function in Isothermal Nozzle Isothermal Table The effects of Real Gases Isentropic Relationships for Real Gases Normal Shock Solution of the Governing Equations Informal Model Formal Model Prandtl's Condition Operating Equations and Analysis The Limitations of the Shock Wave Small Perturbation Solution Shock Thickness Shock Drag or Wave Drag The Moving Shocks Shock or Wave Drag Result from a Moving Shock Shock Result from a Sudden and Complete Stop Moving Shock into Stationary Medium (Suddenly Open Valve) Partially Open Valve Partially Closed Valve Worked–out Examples for Shock Dynamics Shock Tube Special Shock Dynamics Shock Tube Thermodynamics Considerations Shock with Real Gases Shock in Wet Steam Normal Shock in Ducts Additional Examples for Moving Shocks Tables of Normal Shocks, k=1.4 Ideal Gas Normal Shock in Variable Duct Areas Nozzle efficiency Diffuser Efficiency Nozzle Flow With External Forces Isentropic Nozzle (Q=0) Isothermal Nozzle (T=constant) Isothermal Flow The Control Volume Analysis/Governing equations Dimensionless Representation The Entrance Limitation of Supersonic Branch Comparison with Incompressible Flow Supersonic Branch Figures and Tables Isothermal Flow Examples Unchoked Situations in Fanno Flow Reynolds Number Effect Fanno Flow Introduction Fanno Model Non–Dimensionalization of the Equations The Mechanics and Why the Flow is Choked? The Working Equations Examples of Fanno Flow Supersonic Branch Maximum Length for the Supersonic Flow Working Conditions Variations of The Tube Length (4fLD) Effects The Pressure Ratio, .P2 / P1, effects Entrance Mach number, M1, effects Practical Examples for Subsonic Flow Subsonic Fanno Flow for Given 4fLD and Pressure Ratio Subsonic Fanno Flow for a Given M1 and Pressure Ratio The Approximation of the Fanno Flow by Isothermal Flow The Table for Fanno Flow Appendix – Reynolds Number Effects Rayleigh Flow Introduction Governing Equations Rayleigh Flow Tables Examples For Rayleigh Flow Evacuating SemiRigid Chambers Governing Equations and Assumptions General Model and Non–Dimensionalization Isentropic Process Isothermal Process in The Chamber A Note on the Entrance Mach number Rigid Tank with A Nozzle Adiabatic Isentropic Nozzle Attached Isothermal Nozzle Attached Rapid evacuating of a rigid tank Assuming Fanno Flow Model Filling Process The Isothermal Process Simple Semi Rigid Chamber The ``Simple'' General Case Advance Topics Remark on Real Gases Evacuating under External Volume Control General Model Rapid Process Examples Direct Connection Non–Linear Functions Effects Summary Oblique Shock Preface to Oblique Shock Introduction Introduction to Oblique Shock Introduction to Prandtl–Meyer Function Introduction to Zero Inclination Oblique Shock Solution of Mach Angle Upstream Mach Number, M1, and Deflection Angle, When No Oblique Shock Exist or the case of D>0 Upstream Mach Number, M1, and Shock Angle, Given Two Angles, and Flow in a Semi–2D Shape Flow in a Semi-2D Shape Small ``Weak Oblique shock'' Close and Far Views of the Oblique Shock Maximum Value of Oblique shock Detached Shock Issues Related to the Maximum Deflection Angle Oblique Shock Examples Application of Oblique Shock Optimization of Suction Section Design Retouch of Shock Drag or Wave Drag Summary Appendix: Oblique Shock Stability Analysis Prandtl–Meyer Function Introduction Geometrical Explanation Alternative Approach to Governing Equations Comparison And Limitations between the Two Approaches The Maximum Turning Angle The Working Equations for the Prandtl-Meyer Function d'Alembert's Paradox Flat Body with an Angle of Attack Examples For Prandtl–Meyer Function Combination of the Oblique Shock and Isentropic Expansion Computer Program About the Program Usage Program listings Oblique Shock History Bibliography Index