Flight Control Systems: Practical Issues in Design and Implementation (I E E Control Engineering Series)

Annotation A complete reference on modern flight control methods for fixed-wing aircraft, this authoritative book includes contributions from an international group of experts in their respective specialized fields, largely from industry. Split into two parts, the first section of the book deals with the fundamentals of flight control systems design; the second concentrates on genuine applications based on the modern control methods used in the latest aircraft. It is assumed that the reader will have some knowledge of classical control. The book builds upon the foundations laid by standard texts on flight control so that the reader will gain a good background in current industrial practice and be in a position to benefit from more specialized reading. Its prime aim is to bridge the gap between academic research and real-world applications in the area and its emphasis on practical approaches will make it particularly suitable for: practicing engineers who are relatively new in the aviation industry and require a consolidated approach to the different aspects of flight control; postgraduate students in strategic or applied research; final stage undergraduates Front Matter......Page 1 Contributors......Page 4 Nomenclature......Page 11 Preface......Page 6 Table of Contents......Page 14 Glossary of Terms......Page 20 1.1 Introduction......Page 27 1.2 The General Objectives of Flight Control......Page 28 1.2.2 Civil Aircraft......Page 32 1.3.1 History......Page 33 1.3.2 Military Aircraft Developments......Page 35 1.3.3 Civil Aircraft Developments......Page 38 1.4.1 Military Aircraft Operations......Page 39 1.4.2 Civil Aircraft Operations......Page 41 1.5 The Benefits of Fly-by-Wire......Page 43 1.5.1 Military Aircraft Benefits......Page 44 1.5.2 Civil Aircraft Benefits......Page 45 1.6.1 Military Aircraft-Design Considerations and Systems Overview......Page 46 1.6.2 Civil Aircraft - Design Considerations and Systems Overview......Page 53 1.7.1 Eurofighter Typhoon......Page 56 1.7.2 Future Challenges for Military Aircraft......Page 59 1.8.1 The Airbus Fly-by-Wire Family......Page 60 1.8.3 Future Challenges for Civil Aircraft......Page 68 1.9.1 The Current Situation......Page 69 1.9.2 The System Development Process......Page 70 1.9.3 The Flight Control Laws Development Process......Page 72 1.9.4 Cost Considerations - Recurring and Nonrecurring Costs......Page 76 1.10 Closing Discussion......Page 77 1.12 References......Page 79 2.1 Introduction......Page 82 2.2 A Mathematical Framework......Page 83 2.3.1 Earth Axes......Page 85 2.3.2 Aeroplane-Body INHERIT_ZOOM Axes......Page 86 2.3.3 Perturbation Variables......Page 87 2.3.4 Angular Relationships in Symmetric Flight......Page 89 2.3.5 Choice of Axes......Page 90 2.4 Euler Angles and Aeroplane Attitude......Page 91 2.4.2 Angular Velocities Transformation......Page 92 2.5.2 Engine Control......Page 93 2.6.1 The Equations of Longitudinal Symmetric Motion......Page 94 2.7 The Equations of Motion in State-Space Form......Page 95 2.7.1 The Equations of Longitudinal Motion......Page 96 2.8 Aircraft-Response Transfer Functions......Page 98 2.9 The Transfer Function Matrix......Page 99 2.10.1 The Longitudinal Transfer Function Matrix......Page 100 2.10.3 The Short-Period Pitching Oscillation......Page 102 2.10.4 The Phugoid......Page 105 2.11.1 The Lateral Transfer Function Matrix......Page 107 2.11.2 The Lateral-Directional Characteristic Equation......Page 110 2.11.3 The Roll-Subsidence Mode......Page 111 2.11.4 The Spiral Mode......Page 112 2.11.5 The Dutch-Roll Mode......Page 113 2.13 Reference......Page 115 3.2.1 Control-Surface Types......Page 116 3.2.2 Actuator Operation......Page 117 3.3 Actuation System-Performance Criteria......Page 122 3.3.1 Stall Load......Page 124 3.3.2 Maximum Rate Capability......Page 125 3.3.3 Frequency Response......Page 126 3.3.4 Dynamic Stiffness......Page 130 3.3.5 Failure Transients......Page 131 3.4 Actuation System Modelling......Page 133 3.5 Nonlinear Frequency Response......Page 135 3.6 Saturation Analysis......Page 136 3.8 Failure Transients......Page 138 3.9 Conclusions......Page 142 3.10 Acknowledgements......Page 144 4.1 Introduction......Page 145 4.2.2 Modal Criteria......Page 147 4.2.3 Phugoid Flying Qualities......Page 148 4.2.4 Short-Period Flying Qualities......Page 149 4.2.5 Criteria for the Longitudinal Short-Period Dynamics......Page 150 4.2.7 Other Short-Period Criteria......Page 152 4.2.8 Equivalent Systems......Page 153 4.2.9 Equivalent Time Delay......Page 157 4.2.11 The Neal-Smith Method......Page 158 4.2.13 Time-History Criteria......Page 160 4.3.1 Roll Mode......Page 162 4.3.4 Dutch-roll Mode......Page 165 4.3.5 The Parameter t%/~a......Page 166 4.3.6 Phi-to-Beta Ratio, ~b//3......Page 167 4.4.1 The Influence of Feedback......Page 168 4.4.2 The Influence of Actuators, Sensors and Processors......Page 170 4.4.3 Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output Flying Quality Possibilities......Page 172 4.5.1 Integration in the Forward Path......Page 173 4.5.2 Notch Filters......Page 175 4.6.1 PIO Categories......Page 176 4.6.3 Criteria for Category I PIOs......Page 177 4.7.1 STI High-Gain Asymptote Parameter......Page 178 4.8 Non-Modal PIO Criteria......Page 181 4.8.1 Some Current Criteria......Page 182 4.8.2 Effectiveness of the Criteria......Page 187 4.9.1 Criteria for Category II PIOs......Page 190 4.9.2 The Consequences of Rate Limiting......Page 191 4.11 References......Page 193 5.1.1 Study Phase/Vendor Selection......Page 196 5.1.6 System Integration and Test......Page 198 5.1.11 Design Reviews......Page 199 5.2.1 Introduction......Page 200 5.2.2 Design and Test Methodology......Page 201 5.2.3 Safety Considerations......Page 202 5.3.1 Primary Considerations......Page 204 5.4.3 AFCS System Interfaces......Page 210 5.4.4 AFCS Configurations......Page 214 5.4.5 Flight Control Computer Data Processing......Page 215 6.1 Introduction......Page 223 6.2 Philosophy of Flight Testing......Page 226 6.2.1 Ground Testing......Page 227 6.2.2 Simulator and Rig Testing......Page 228 6.3 Aircraft Ground Testing......Page 235 6.3.3 Structural-Coupling Tests......Page 236 6.3.4 Electromagnetic-Compatibility Testing......Page 237 6.4 Flight Test Tools and Techniques......Page 239 6.5.1 FBW Jaguar Demonstrator Flight Test Programme......Page 240 6.5.2 The EAP Demonstrator Flight Test Programme......Page 243 6.8 References......Page 249 7.1 Introduction......Page 251 7.2.2 Inertial Excitation of the Flexible-Aircraft Control Surface......Page 252 7.2.3 Actuators, Flight Control Computers and the Aircraft-Motion Sensor Unit......Page 254 7.2.6 Formulation for Solution and Design Trade-Offs......Page 256 7.3 FCS-SC Structural Coupling: Design Examples......Page 260 7.3.1 Jaguar-First Flight 1968......Page 261 7.3.2 Tornado - First Flight 1974......Page 262 7.3.3 Experimental Aircraft Programme (EAP) - First Flight 1986......Page 263 7.3.4 Eurofighter 2000 (EF2000) - First Flight 1994......Page 274 7.4.1 Limit-Cycle Prediction and Specification of Alternative Clearance Requirements......Page 286 7.4.2 Active Control for Rigid Body and Structural-Mode Stabilisation......Page 310 7.4.3 Flexible Aircraft Modelling......Page 323 7.5 Conclusions......Page 324 7.6 References......Page 325 8.1 Introduction......Page 327 8.2 The RCAM Control Problem......Page 328 8.2.1 A Landing-Approach Simulation......Page 330 8.2.2 Performance Specifications......Page 331 8.2.5 Safety Specifications......Page 332 8.3.1 Eigenstructure Analysis......Page 333 8.3.2 Eigenstructure Assignment......Page 336 8.4.1 Controller Structure......Page 342 8.4.2 Construction of a Desired Eigenstructure......Page 346 8.4.4 Methods of Controller Analysis......Page 350 8.4.5 Analysis of the Longitudinal Controller......Page 353 8.4.6 Analysis of the Lateral Controller......Page 355 8.4.7 0ptimisation of the Controllers......Page 356 8.5 Nonlinear Simulation of the Controlled Aircraft......Page 357 8.5.1 Performance Specifications......Page 359 8.5.3 Ride-Quality Specifications......Page 363 8.5.5 Control-Activity Specifications......Page 364 8.5.6 Evaluation Using a Landing-Approach Simulation......Page 365 8.6 Conclusions......Page 369 8.7 References......Page 372 9.1 Introduction......Page 374 9.3 Ha Loop Shaping......Page 376 9.4 Linear Design for the VAAC......Page 380 9.5.1 Gain Scheduling......Page 385 9.5.2 Anti-Windup......Page 386 9.5.3 Flight Modes......Page 388 9.5.4 Flight Testing......Page 390 9.6 Flight Clearance......Page 392 9.7 The Way Ahead......Page 397 9.8 References......Page 398 A......Page 400 C......Page 401 F......Page 402 H......Page 403 M......Page 404 R......Page 405 S......Page 406 Y......Page 407

A complete reference on modern flight control methods for fixed-wing aircraft, this authoritative book includes contributions from an international group of experts in their respective specialised fields, largely from industry. Split into two parts, the first section of the book deals with the fundamentals of flight control systems design, while the second concentrates on genuine applications based on the modern control methods used in the latest aircraft.

It is assumed that the reader will have some knowledge of classical control. The book builds upon the foundations laid by standard texts on flight control so that the reader will gain a good background in current industrial practice and be in a position to benefit from more specialised reading. Its prime aim is to bridge the gap between academic research and real-world applications in the area and its emphasis on practical approaches will make it particularly suitable for:

• practising engineers who are relatively new to the aviation industry and require a consolidated approach to the different aspects of flight control
• postgraduate students in strategic or applied research
• final stage undergraduates.

A complete reference on modern flight control methods for fixed-wing aircraft, this authoritative book includes contributions from an international group of experts in their respective specialised fields, largely from industry. Split into two parts, the first section of the book deals with the fundamentals of flight control systems design, while the second concentrates on genuine applications based on the modern control methods used in the latest aircraft. It is assumed that the reader will have some knowledge of classical control. The book builds upon the foundations laid by standard texts on flight control so that the reader will gain a good background in current industrial practice and be in a position to benefit from more specialised reading. Its prime aim is to bridge the gap between academic research and real-world applications in the area and its emphasis on practical approaches will make it particularly suitable Model-based predictive control (MPC) has proved to be a fertile area of research. It has gained enormous success within industry, especially in the context of process control. Nonlinear model-based predictive control (NMPC) is of particular interest as this best represents the dynamics of most real plant. This book collects together the important results which have emerged in this field, illustrating examples by means of simulations on industrial models. In particular there are contributions on feedback linearisation, differential flatness, control Lyapunov functions, output feedback, and neural networks. The international contributors to the book are all respected leaders within the field, which makes for essential reading for advanced students, researchers and industrialists in the field of control of complex systems. The book reviews developments in the following fields: steering mechanism for legged robot;use of simulation in th off-line programming of robot; off-line programming of a robot from a CAD system; application of rule based method to inspection and quality control in a manufacturing process; automatic location editing of assembly robot program; industrial robot's dynamic analysis using decentralised control via kinematics; collision avoidance; flexible automated assembly system; robot force sensing; automatic visual inspection; visual feedback control for orienting parts in the assembly robot cycle; low cost vision for welding robots and automated welding machines; and high-speed pattern recognition system for robotic application A complete reference on modern flight control methods for fixed wing aircraft.Also available:Non-linear Predictive Control: theory and practice - ISBN 0852969848Robots and Automated Manufacture - ISBN 0863410537The Institution of Engineering and Technology is one of the world's leading professional societies for the engineering and technology community. The IET publishes more than 100 new titles every year; a rich mix of books, journals and magazines with a back catalogue of more than 350 books in 18 different subject areas including: -Power & Energy -Renewable Energy -Radar, Sonar & Navigation -Electromagnetics -Electrical Measurement -History of Technology -Technology Management Annotation Bridging the gap between academic research and real-world applications, this reference on modern flight control methods for fixed-wing aircraft deals with fundamentals of flight control systems design, then concentrates on applications based on the modern control methods used in the latest aircraft. The book is written for practicing engineers who are new to the aviation industry, postgraduate students in strategic or applied research, and advanced undergraduates. Some knowledge of classical control is assumed. Pratt is a member of IEEE and is UK Member for AIAA's Technical Committee on Guidance, Navigation and Control. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

the Advantage Of Model Predictive Control Is That It Can Take Systematic Account Of Constraints, Thereby Allowing Processes To Operate At The Limits Of Achievable Performance. Engineers In Academia, Industry, And Government From The Us And Europe Explain How The Linear Version Can Be Adapted And Applied To The Nonlinear Conditions That Characterize The Dynamics Of Most Real Manufacturing Plants. They Survey Theoretical And Practical Trends, Describe Some Specific Theories And Demonstrate Their Practical Application, Derive Strategies That Provide Appropriate Assurance Of Closed-loop Stability, And Discuss Practical Implementation. Annotation C. Book News, Inc., Portland, Or

The book aims to build on the fundamentals of flight dynamics and flight control and embellish these principles by assigning their relevance to the development of flight control systems in the aircraft industry. The book comprises 9 chapters and deals with the following subjects: industrial considerations for flight control; aircraft modelling; actuation systems; handling qualities; automatic flight control system design considerations; ground and flight testing of digital flight control systems; aeroservoelasticity; eigenstructure assignment applied to the design of an autopilot function for a civil aircraft; and H & infin; loop-shaping design for the VAAC Harrier To serve its purpose, an industrial robot must be harnessed to a manufacturing task, be it welding, assembly, adjustment or the inspection of food products. This book addresses these and many other subjects in a volume which will be of value to industry and to robotic researchers alike.