Ferrites and Multiferroics: Fundamentals to Applications (Engineering Materials)

This book highlights the fundamentals of ferrites and multiferroic materials with special attention to their structure, types, and properties. It presents a comprehensive survey about ferrite and multiferroic materials, in areas significant to research and development in academia as well as in industry. The book discusses various types of methods applied for their synthesis and characterizations. This book is concerned with the fascinating class of materials with the promise for wide-ranging applications, including electromagnets, magnetic fluid hyperthermia, antenna applications, memory devices, switching circuits, bio-medical applications, actuators, magnetic field sensors and water purification, etc. Preface Contents About the Authors Basics of Ferrites: Types and Structures 1 Introduction 1.1 Advantages of Ferrite NPs 2 Magnetic Material and Types of Magnetism 2.1 Diamagnetism 2.2 Paramagnetism 2.3 Ferromagnetism 2.4 Ferrimagnetism 2.5 Antiferromagnetism 3 Classifications of Ferrite NPs According to Magnetic Behavior 3.1 Soft Ferrites 3.2 Hard Ferrite 4 Classifications of Ferrites NPs According to Crystal Structure 4.1 Spinel Ferrites 4.2 Perovskite Ferrites 4.3 Garnet Ferrites 4.4 Magneto-Plumbites 5 Conclusions References Synthesis Routes for Ferrites and Their Impact on the Properties of Ferrites 1 Introduction 2 Fabrication of Ferrite Nanoparticles 2.1 Mechanical Milling Method 2.2 Sol–Gel Method 2.3 Hydrothermal Method 2.4 Co-precipitation Method 2.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method 2.6 Microwave-Assisted Method 2.7 Solution Combustion Method 2.8 Electrochemical Method 2.9 Sonochemical Method 2.10 Thermal Decomposition 2.11 Microemulsion Method 3 Synthetic Approaches Are Compared 4 Conclusions References Effect of Substitution on the Electric and Magnetic Properties of Ferrites 1 Introduction 2 Effect of Substitution on Manganese Ferrite 3 Effect of Substitution on Magnesium Ferrite 4 Effect of Substitution on Magnesium–Manganese Mixed Ferrite 5 Effect of Substitution on Cobalt Ferrite 6 Effect of Substitution on Lithium Ferrite 7 Effect of Substitution on Nickel Ferrite 8 Conclusion References Substitution Consequences on Electric and Magnetic Behaviour of Nanoferrites 1 Introduction 2 Classification of Ferrites 2.1 Magnetic Classification: Soft and Hard Ferrites 2.2 Structural Classification of Ferrites 3 Magnetic Interactions 4 Theories on Magnetic Interactions 4.1 Neel’s Theory 4.2 Yafet-Kittel Theory of Ferrimagnetism 5 Electrical Conduction and Mechanism 6 Theories on Electrical Conduction Mechanism 6.1 Verwey’s Hopping Mechanism 6.2 Polaron Model 6.3 Phonon Induced Tunneling 7 Effect of Substitution on Magnetic Properties of Ferrites 8 Effect of Substitution on Electric Properties of Ferrites 9 Conclusion References The Role of Nanoferrites in Bio-medical Applications 1 Introduction 2 MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) 3 Targeted Drug Delivery 4 Hyperthermia Application 5 Conclusion References Ferrite Materials for Microwave and High Frequency Antenna Applications 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Details 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusion References Ferrites for Water Purification and Wastewater Treatment 1 Introduction 2 Materials for Water Purification 2.1 Ferrites 2.2 Ferrites Properties 2.3 Ferrites Classification 2.4 Ferrites Synthesis Methods 3 Water Treatment 3.1 Adsorption 3.2 Photocatalysis 4 Separation and Recycling 5 Conclusion References Basics of Multiferroic Materials and Their Types 1 A Brief Historical Journey 2 What are Multiferroics? 2.1 Multiferroics: Why Are they so Few? 2.2 History of Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Materials 2.3 Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Materials: How they Can Be Made? 3 Types of Multiferroic Materials 3.1 Single Phase Multiferroics 3.2 Composite Multiferroics 4 Conclusion References Multiferroic Material Bismuth Ferrite (BFO): Effect of Synthesis 1 Introduction 2 Ferroics 2.1 Ferromagnetism 2.2 Antiferromagnetism 3 Ferroelectrics 3.1 Polarization 3.2 Spontaneous Polarization 3.3 Ferroelectric Domains 3.4 Ferroelectric Hysteresis Loop 4 Ferroelastics 5 Multiferroic Materials 5.1 Type-1 Multiferroics 5.2 Type-2 Multiferroics 6 Mechanism of Multiferroicity 6.1 Multiferroicity Due to Lone Pair 6.2 Multiferroicity Due to Charge Ordering 7 Applications of Multiferroics 8 BiFeO3 (BFO) as a Multiferroic 8.1 Structure of BFO 8.2 Drawbacks of BFO 9 Synthesis Methods of BFO 9.1 Sol–Gel Method 9.2 Co-precipitation Method 9.3 Solid-State Method 10 Applications of BFO 11 Review Related to the Synthesis of BFO 12 Conclusion References MultiferroicPhenomenon in Bulk, Nanostructures and Thin Films 1 Multiferroism in Bulk Materials 1.1 Composite of Ceramic Materials 1.2 Composite Materials from Magnetic Alloys 1.3 Composite Materials from Polymers 1.4 Converse Magnetoelectric Effect in Bulk Composites 2 Multiferroism in Nanostructures and Thin Films 2.1 Magnetic Field Controlled Electric Polarization 2.2 Electric Field Controlled Magnetism 3 Conclusion References Lead-Free BiFeO3–BaTiO3 Ceramics: An Overview 1 Introduction 2 Multiferroics 2.1 Prerequisites for Multiferroicity 2.2 Crystal Symmetry 2.3 d-Orbital Electron Occupancy 3 Multiferroic Types 4 Ferroelectricity 5 Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) 6 Bismuth Ferrite (BiFeO3) 7 Bismuth Ferrite-Barium Titanate (BFO-BTO) 8 Conclusion References Applications of Multiferroics 1 Introduction 2 Classification of Multiferroics 2.1 Solid-Phase Multiferroics 2.2 Composite Multiferroics 3 Fabrication Methods of Multiferroics 3.1 Sol–Gel Method (SGM) 3.2 Solid-State Reaction Method 3.3 Molten Salt Method 3.4 Sonochemical Method 3.5 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method 3.6 Solution Combustion Method 4 Applications of Multiferroics 4.1 Multiferroics for Microwave Phase Shifter (MPSs) Application 4.2 Multiferroics for Thermal Energy Harvesting Application 4.3 Multiferroics for Magnetic Gradiometer Application 4.4 Multiferroics for High Voltage Gain Amplifier 4.5 Multiferroics for Vibration Energy Harvesting Application 4.6 Multiferroics for Gyrators Application 4.7 Multiferroics for Solar Cells Application 4.8 Multiferroics for Multi-caloric Effect Application 4.9 Multiferroics for AC/DC Magnetic Field Sensors Application 4.10 Multiferroics for Microwave Resonators Application 5 Conclusion References