Energy Efficient Building Design

This book is the result of recent research that deals with the built environment and innovative materials, carried out by specialists working in universities and centers of research in different professional fields ? architecture, engineering, physics ? and in an area that that spans from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf, and from South Eastern Europe to the Middle East. This book takes the necessity of re-shaping the concept of building design in order to transform buildings from large scale energy consumers to energy savers and producers into consideration. The book is organized in two parts: theory and case studies. For the theoretical part, we chose from the wide range of sources that provide energy efficient materials and systems the two that seem to be endless: the sun and vegetation. Their use in building products represents a tool for specialists in the architectural design concept. The case-studies presented analyze different architectural programs, in different climates, from new buildings to rehabilitation approaches and from residential architecture to hospitals and sports arenas; each case emphasizes the interdisciplinarity of the building design activity in order to help readers gain a better understanding of the complex approach needed for energy efficient building design. Covers both theoretical aspects and practical design aspects Provides feedback on existing built examples Draws on actual experiences of scientists and designers that live and work in a territorial area that spans from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf and from South Eastern Europe to the Middle East Preface Contents Part I: Building with the Sun – An Everlasting Energy Source Chapter 1: A Review of the Significance and Challenges of Building Integrated Photovoltaics 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Justification 1.2 Background 1.3 The Importance of BIPV 1.3.1 BIPV as an Energy Source: ‘The Energy Dimension’ 1.3.2 BIPV as a Building Component: ‘The Building Dimension’ 1.4 BIPV Development and Challenges 1.4.1 BIPV Challenges 1.5 Further Research 1.6 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Design Opportunities and Building Integration of PV systems 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Methodology 2.2.1 Adaptation of the Solar Radiation 2.2.2 Temperature Adaptation 2.2.3 Model of the PV Efficiency 2.2.4 Studied Orientations 2.3 Computation Study 2.4 Experimental Study 2.5 Conclusions References Chapter 3: Optimization of Performances and Reliability for Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Systems 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Standards Used for BIPV Systems 3.3 State of the Art for BIPV Systems 3.4 Modeling, Numerical Simulation, and Optimization of BIPV Systems 3.4.1 Modeling and Simulation Techniques for BIPV Systems 3.4.1.1 MPPT Techniques 3.4.1.2 Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) 3.4.2 Implementation of the FLC-Based MPPT Algorithm for Numerical Modeling of BIPV Systems 3.5 Case Study: Results Obtained by Optimizing a BIPV System 3.6 Reliability Analysis of the Studied BIPV System: Obtained Results 3.7 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Inorganic, Coloured Thin Films for Solar Thermal Energy Convertors in Sustainable Buildings 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Driving Forces in Implementing Solar Thermal Systems 4.2.1 Social System in Interaction with Environment 4.2.2 Environmental Perturbation as Consequence of Energy Consumption 4.3 Coloured Solar Thermal Flat Plate Collectors 4.3.1 Flat Plate Solar Thermal Collectors 4.3.2 Materials for the Absorber Layer 4.3.3 Coloured Materials for Absorber Coatings in FPSTC 4.4 Conclusions References Chapter 5: Capitalizing on Solar Energy in Romania and Improving the Thermal Comfort of Buildings with Solar Air Collectors 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Solar Irradiation 5.2.1 Climate of Selected Localities 5.2.2 Solar Global Irradiation: Average Monthly Values 5.2.3 Sunshine Duration 5.3 Experimental Measurement of Solar Irradiation in Bucharest During 2017–2018 5.4 Solar Air Collectors to Improve the Thermal Buildings’ Comfort 5.4.1 Classification Based on Technologies 5.4.2 Performances of Thermo-Solar Collectors 5.4.3 Solar Air Collectors Integrated in the Building Architecture 5.5 Conclusion References Part II: Building with the Nature Chapter 6: Parallel (Hi)Stories: A Subjective Approach to Energy-Efficient Design 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Perennial of the Vernacular 6.3 Bioclimatic: A Heritage of the Vernacular 6.4 Old or New Facades 6.4.1 Trombe Walls 6.4.2 Solar Facades 6.4.3 Living Facades 6.4.4 Double-Skin Facades 6.5 Hanging Gardens of Semiramis or Eco-Roofs 6.6 Conclusions References Chapter 7: Traditional Semi-Buried House 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The “Bordei” 7.2.1 Problems of in the Traditional “Bordei” House Concept 7.2.1.1 Moisture 7.2.1.2 Floods 7.2.1.3 Difficult Access 7.2.1.4 Insufficient Natural Lighting 7.2.1.5 Poor Ventilation of the Interior Space 7.2.1.6 Heat Losses 7.2.2 “Bordei” House Advantages 7.2.2.1 Organic Building 7.2.2.2 It Was Built with Materials from the Area: Wood, Earth, and Clay 7.2.2.3 Low-Energy Consumption During the Construction Period 7.2.2.4 Orientation Toward the Cardinal Points 7.2.2.5 The Floor Below Ground Level 7.2.2.6 Thermal Insulation 7.2.2.7 The High Thermal Mass of the Earth Elements and the Existence of an Earth Stove 7.2.2.8 Capacity to Regulate Humidity 7.3 Proposals for Modernizing a “Bordei” House 7.3.1 Moisture Reduction 7.3.2 Avoiding Flood Zones 7.3.3 Making the Entrance Easy to Use 7.3.4 Natural Light According to the Norms 7.3.5 Ensuring Sufficient Ventilation 7.3.6 Correct Thermal Insulation of the Outer Shell 7.4 Conclusions References Chapter 8: Using Agricultural By-products for Creating Innovative Technologies and Materials 8.1 Introduction: Energy and Recycling 8.2 Bio-Based Products and Wastes 8.3 LCA Comparison Between Two Products for Vertical Closures 8.4 Conclusion References Part III: Case Studies Chapter 9: Les conditions de la nature sont retrouvèe: The Tower of Shadow in Chandigarh and Other Le Corbusier’s Masterpieces 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Results and Discussions 9.2.1 The Tower of Shadows, Chandigarh 9.2.2 Palais de l’Association des Filateurs 9.2.3 Two European Experiences: La Tourette Convent and the Unité d’Habitation 9.3 Conclusions References Chapter 10: Sustainability and Energy Efficiency Design in Hospital Buildings 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Defining Sustainability and Energy Efficiency in Modern Healthcare Buildings 10.3 The WHO Calls for More “Green Hospitals” and the Quest for the ZERO Waste Hospital 10.4 Hospitals in the Future and Necessary Design Needs/Goals References Chapter 11: Football Stadium: An Energy-Efficient Building and a Source of Renewable Energy for the Community 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Sport and the Stadium 11.3 Game-Related Legislation and European Norms 11.3.1 Reports and Game-Related Legislation: Impact Upon Design Norms 11.3.2 European Directives Concerning Sustainability and Sustainability Standards 11.4 The Sustainability of Football Stadiums 11.4.1 Economic and Environmental Sustainability 11.4.2 Social Sustainability 11.5 The Outcomes of Stadiums as Multifunctional Buildings 11.6 Conclusions References Chapter 12: Passive Design Strategies in Pursuit of Architectural Identity: The New ACT Student Center 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Brief - Site - Further Background Research 12.2.1 The Brief 12.2.2 The Site 12.2.3 Further Background Research 12.3 Environmental Concepts and Principles 12.3.1 Building Energy Performance Goals 12.3.2 Climatic and Microclimatic Conditions 12.4 Environmental Architectural Design 12.5 Environmental Design Simulation 12.6 Discussion References Chapter 13: Towards a Sustainable Refurbishment of the Hellenic Residential Building Stock 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Hellenic Residential Buildings 13.2.1 Building Stock Model (BSM) 13.2.2 Calculations 13.2.2.1 Adaptation Factors from EPCs 13.2.2.2 Adaptation Factors from Field Surveys 13.3 Modelling the Hellenic Building Stock: A Realistic Outlook 13.3.1 Validation 13.3.2 Renovation Scenarios Towards 2030 13.4 Conclusions References Chapter 14: Design Strategies for Green/Energy-Efficient Building Design: An Apartment Building in the Gaziantep Project 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Energy-Efficient Building Design Decisions 14.2.1 Passive Design Principles and Strategies 14.2.1.1 Natural Ventilation and Wind Control Principles and Strategies 14.2.1.2 Sun Control and Natural Daylighting 14.2.1.3 Green Roof 14.2.1.4 Envelope Design and Insulation 14.2.2 Active Solar Systems 14.2.3 Resource Conservation and Local Material Use References Chapter 15: A Sustainable Approach Towards Energy Savings in the Cities of Romania, Bucharest: A Case Study 15.1 A Brief History of the Residential Collective Apartments in Bucharest 15.2 Energy Efficiency in Buildings 15.3 Green Energy Trends 15.4 Greening the City 15.5 Conclusions References Chapter 16: The Heat Island as a Result and Cause of Environmental and Social Degradation: Two Different Settlements in the Town of Afragola of the Metropolitan City of Naples 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Heat Island in the Batch of Buildings in Line 16.2.1 Application and Comparison Between the Two Methods 16.3 Microclimate and Usability of the Garden Courts 16.4 Conclusions References Chapter 17: Settlement Scale Analysis Approach to Reach Nearly Zero Energy Communities 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Methodology 17.3 Results 17.4 Conclusions References Index