Emerging Ocular Infections

The book offers comprehensive coverage on novel manifestations of known infections, novel infections with documented ophthalmic involvement, and the growing issue of resistance among certain infections. Filling a much-needed gap in current literary offerings, chapters approach ophthalmic manifestations of infectious disease from a novel perspective. Each chapter is co-written by an ophthalmologist and an infectious disease specialist to provide multidisciplinary insight. This unique analysis of infectious disease enhances the ability of ophthalmologists and infectious disease specialists to identify the manifold manifestations of both common and rare infections in the eye. Chapters begin with a general introduction, and each contain an Infectious Disease section, along with an Ophthalmology section. The book covers infections such as viral retinitis, fungal infections, syphilis, tuberculosis, vector-borne illnesses, and delve into rarer conditions such as unusual post-operative infections. Concise and practical, Emerging Ocular Infection will be of use to ID specialists, and ophthalmologists alike. Preface Contents 1: Ocular Tuberculosis Introduction Pathogenesis Pathogenesis of Intraocular Tuberculosis Clinical Features Tubercular Anterior Uveitis (TAU) Tubercular Intermediate Uveitis (TIU) Tubercular Posterior Uveitis (TPU) and TB Panuveitis (TBP) Choroidal Tubercles/Tuberculoma Solitary Choroidal Tuberculoma/ Subretinal Abscess Tubercular Serpiginous-Like Choroiditis (TB SLC) TB Retinal Vasculitis (TRV) Endophthalmitis and Panophthalmitis Tubercular Optic Neuropathy Tuberculosis of Ocular Adnexa Laboratory Testing Direct Laboratory Evidence of M. tuberculosis Ocular Infection Polymerase Chain Reaction Ancillary Ocular Investigations Color Photography and Ultra-Wide Field Imaging Fundus Autofluorescence Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) Indocyanine Green Angiography Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) IFN-Gamma Release Assays (IGRA) Chest Imaging Treatment of Intraocular Tuberculosis Management of Intraocular Inflammation Anti-tuberculosis Treatment Paradoxical Worsening of IOTB Conclusion References 2: Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections Introduction Classification of Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria Ocular Disease Risk Factors and Pathogenesis Clinical Features Ocular Infections Ocular Adnexal and Orbital Infection Conjunctivitis and Scleritis Keratitis Endophthalmitis Chorioretinitis Extraocular Infections Diagnostic Testing Management Ocular Disease Management Systemic Therapy Case Report References 3: Syphilis: Emerging Ocular Infections Introduction Pathogenesis Clinical Features of Syphilis Laboratory Testing Management Cases Case 1 Case 2 Summary References 4: Fungal Infections Introduction Endogenous Fungal Chorioretinitis and Endophthalmitis Route of Entry Clinical Features Diagnostic Work-Up Management Exogenous Fungal Endophthalmitis Route of Entry Clinical Features Diagnostic Work-Up Management Cryptococcosis Route of Entry Clinical Features Diagnostic Work-Up Management Coccidioidomycosis Route of Entry Clinical Features Diagnostic Work-Up Management Pneumocystosis Route of Entry Clinical Features Diagnostic Work-Up Management References 5: Viral Retinitis Introduction Pathogenesis Clinical Features Lab Testing Management HSV and VZV Retinitis CMV Retinitis Cases Case 1: VZV Acute Retinal Necrosis Case 2: CMV Retinitis References 6: Vector-Borne Infections Introduction Pathogenesis Virology and Diagnosis of Arboviral Infections Clinical Features Yellow Fever Dengue Zika Virus West Nile Virus Chikungunya Virology and Diagnostic Testing for Arboviral Infections Yellow Fever Dengue Zika Virus West Nile Virus Chikungunya Management Dengue Yellow Fever Zika Virus West Nile Virus Chikungunya Management of Ocular Disease Cases Case 1 (Fig. 6.4) Case 2 (Figs. 6.5 and 6.6) References 7: Parasitic and Other Unusual Intraocular Infections Introduction Intraocular Parasitic Infections Protozoan Infections Toxoplasmosis Nematode Infections Toxocariasis Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis (DUSN) Loiasis Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) Cestode Infections Cysticercosis Echinococcosis Ectoparasites: Arthropods Ophthalmomyiasis Interna Unusual Bacterial Infections Delayed-Onset Postoperative Endophthalmitis Cases Case 1: Toxoplasmosis Case 2: Delayed Postoperative C. acnes Endophthalmitis Case 3: Delayed Postoperative Micrococcus Endophthalmitis References Index