Electronics with Discrete Components 1st edition

"Designed for a one semester course on electronics for physics and science majors, this text offers a comprehensive, up-to-date alternative to currently available texts by providing a modern approach to the course. It includes the mix of theory and practice that matches the typical electronics course syllabus with balanced coverage of both digital and analog electronics"-- Provided by publisher Cover 1 Title Page 5 Copyright 6 Preface 9 Contents 13 Chapter 1: The Basics 21 1.1: Foreword: Welcome to Electronics! 21 1.2: Charge and Potential 22 1.3: Capacitors 24 1.4: Electrical Current 26 1.5: Resistors 27 1.6: Magnetic Devices 32 1.6.1: Magnetic Fields and Coils 32 1.6.2: Inductors 34 1.7: Power 35 1.8: Circuits 36 1.8.1: Equivalent Resistances 36 1.8.2: Kirchhoff's Laws 38 1.8.3: Voltage Dividers 39 1.8.4: Multiloop Circuits 41 1.8.5: Transient Circuits 42 1.9: Abstractions and Symbol Jargon 47 1.10: Problems 48 1.11: Lab Projects 54 1.11.1: An Application of the Voltage Divider: A Darkness Sensor 54 1.11.2: Delayed Switch 54 1.11.3: RC Circuit as an Integrator and Differentiator 55 1.11.4: Practicum Test 56 Part I: Digital 57 Chapter 2: Introduction to Digital Electronics 59 2.1: Number Systems 61 2.1.1: Number-System Conversions 62 2.1.2: Arithmetic Operations 63 2.2: Codes 64 2.3: Signed Numbers 65 2.4: Binary Functions 66 2.4.1: Fundamental Gates 66 2.4.2: Universal Gates 68 2.4.3: Specialty Gates 69 2.4.4: Utilitarian Gates 71 2.4.5: Matrix Representation 72 2.5: Logic Families 74 2.6: IC Wirings 76 2.7: Problems 78 2.8: Lab Projects 82 2.8.1: Serial Transmission of ASCII-Coded Characters 82 2.8.2: Practicum Test 84 Chapter 3: Combinational Logic 85 3.1: Boolean Algebra 86 3.2: Theorems 86 3.3: NAND-Gate Implementation 87 3.4: Representation of Boolean Functions 88 3.4.1: Analytical 88 3.4.2: Tabular 88 3.4.3: Graphical 89 3.5: Simplification of Functions 89 3.5.1: Algebraic 89 3.5.2: Graphical 90 3.6: Karnaugh Maps 91 3.6.1: Minterms 91 3.6.2: Two-Variable Map 92 3.6.3: Three-Variable Map 95 3.6.4: Four-Variable Map 96 3.6.5: Don't Care Conditions 97 3.7: More Than Four Variables 99 3.7.1: Three-Dimensional Karnaugh Maps 99 3.7.2: Brute–Force Logic 99 3.8: Wrap-Up 99 3.9: Wiring Digest: Open Collector/Drain Outputs 99 3.10: Problems 101 3.11: Lab Projects 106 3.11.1: The TTL Half Adder: Design and Construction 106 3.11.2: The Arithmetic Logical Unit 109 3.11.3: Practicum Test 109 Chapter 4: Advanced Combinational Devices 111 4.1: Pragmatic Designing 111 4.2: Adders 112 4.3: Decoders 114 4.4: Demultiplexers 118 4.5: Encoders 119 4.6: Multiplexers 120 4.7: Problems 123 4.8: Lab Projects 124 4.8.1: Multiplexing 124 Chapter 5: Sequential Logic 127 5.1: Definitions 128 5.2: Flip-Flops 129 5.3: D Flip-Flop 131 5.4: Edge-Trigger 132 5.5: JK and T Flip-Flops 134 5.6: Applications of Flip-Flops 135 5.6.1: Latch or Register 135 5.6.2: Frequency Divider 136 5.6.3: Switch Debouncers 136 5.6.4: Counters 138 5.7: Shift Registers 143 5.8: Multivibrators 144 5.9: Memory 145 5.9.1: Memory Cell 145 5.9.2: Memory ICs 146 5.9.3: Memory Addressing 147 5.9.4: Memory Access 149 5.10: Epilogue to Digital: Digital I/O 150 5.10.1: Application: Digital Input from Switches 151 5.10.2: Application: Digital Output to Lights 152 5.11: Problems 154 5.12: Lab Projects 161 5.12.1: Sequential Circuits 161 5.12.2: Memory Access 163 5.12.3: Practicum Test 165 Part II: Analog 167 Chapter 6: AC Signals 169 6.1: AC Circuits 170 6.1.1: Representation of AC Signals 170 6.1.2: Capacitor in an AC Circuit 173 6.1.3: Inductor in an AC Circuit 174 6.1.4: Complex Numbers 175 6.1.5: Redefinition of Reactances 177 6.1.6: Generalized Ohm's Law 178 6.1.7: Dissipated Power 179 6.1.8: Worked Example 180 6.2: Equivalent Circuits 182 6.2.1: Thevenin's Theorem 182 6.2.2: Norton's Theorem 182 6.3: Circuit Loading 183 6.3.1: Maximizing Signal Transfer 184 6.3.2: Maximizing Power Transfer 184 6.4: Problems 186 6.5: Lab Projects 190 6.5.1: Circuits and Thevenin 190 6.5.2: AC Signals 191 6.5.3: Diagnosing AC Signals 191 6.5.4: Impedance Matching 192 6.5.5: Practicum Test 193 Chapter 7: Filters and the Frequency Domain 195 7.1: RC Filters 196 7.2: High-Pass Filters 197 7.3: Low-Pass Filter 199 7.4: Cascading Filters 200 7.5: Important Considerations for Filter Design 203 7.5.1: f vs. ω 203 7.5.2: Determining ωc 203 7.6: Transformer 203 7.7: Resonant Circuits and Band-Pass Filters 204 7.8: Higher-Order Filters 207 7.9: Fourier Series 208 7.10: Problems 212 7.11: Lab Projects 214 7.11.1: Filters 215 7.11.2: Application: Audio Filter 216 7.11.3: Fourier Analysis 216 7.11.4: Practicum Test 218 Chapter 8: Diodes 219 8.1: Physics of Semiconductors 220 8.1.1: Structure 220 8.1.2: Energetics 221 8.1.3: Compounds 222 8.1.4: Doping 222 8.1.5: The p–n Junction 224 8.2: Diodes 224 8.3: Designing Diode Circuits 226 8.3.1: Load Line Method 226 8.3.2: "Quick and Dirty'' Circuit Design for Diodes 228 8.4: Diode Fauna 228 8.4.1: LED and Laser Diode 228 8.4.2: Photoconductor Photodiodes 229 8.4.3: Photovoltaic (Solar) Cells 230 8.4.4: Zener Diode 232 8.4.5: More Diodes 233 8.5: Diode Applications 233 8.5.1: Rectification 233 8.5.2: Clipping 236 8.5.3: Diode Clamping 237 8.5.4: Peak Detector 237 8.5.5: Voltage Multipliers 238 8.5.6: Zener Regulator 239 8.5.7: Touch Sensors 240 8.6: Problems 241 8.7: Lab Projects 246 8.7.1: I–V Curve 246 8.7.2: Diode Clamp 246 8.7.3: Make-and-Take LED Flasher 246 8.7.4: Application: A Regulated Power Supply 247 8.7.5: Zener Diode Circuits 248 8.7.6: Solar Cells 249 8.7.7: Practicum Test 249 Chapter 9: Transistors 251 9.1: The Bipolar-Junction Transistor 252 9.1.1: Operation of the BJT 254 9.1.2: The Transistor Switch 256 9.1.3: The Emitter Follower 256 9.1.4: Current Source 260 9.1.5: The Voltage Amplifier 261 9.1.6: Biasing the Transistor 262 9.2: Field-Effect Transistors 263 9.2.1: Inside the FET 263 9.2.2: Operation of the FET 264 9.2.3: The MOSFET Switch 267 9.2.4: Current Sources 267 9.2.5: Variable Resistors 268 9.3: Problems 269 9.4: Lab Projects 274 9.4.1: BJT Transistors 274 9.4.2: FET 278 9.4.3: Practicum Test 279 Chapter 10: Operational Amplifiers 281 10.1: Negative Feedback 282 10.2: Closed-Loop Circuits 285 10.2.1: Noninverting Amplifier 285 10.2.2 Follower 286 10.2.3: Inverting Amplifier 288 10.2.4: Summing Amplifier 289 10.2.5: Differential Amplifier 290 10.2.6: Current Source 290 10.2.7: Current-to-Voltage Converter 292 10.2.8: Integrator 293 10.2.9: Differentiator 294 10.2.10: Impedance Transformer 295 10.2.11: Complex Feedback and the "Mystery Circuit'' 296 10.2.12: Active Filters 296 10.2.13: Sample and Hold 298 10.2.14: Voltage Regulators 298 10.2.15: Feedback Digest 299 10.3: Open-Loop Circuits 300 10.3.1: Peak Detector 300 10.3.2: Comparator 300 10.3.3: LM555 Timer 302 10.3.4: Relaxation Oscillators 304 10.4: Real Op-Amps 305 10.4.1: Voltage Gain 305 10.4.2: Slew Rate 306 10.4.3: Common-Mode Gain 307 10.4.4: Input Impedance 308 10.4.5: Output Impedance 308 10.4.6: Output Current 308 10.4.7: Input Bias Current 309 10.4.8: Input Offset Voltage 310 10.4.9: Power Supply Voltage 311 10.5: Problems 311 10.6: Lab Projects 315 10.6.1: The Inverting Amplifier 315 10.6.2: Noninverting Amplifier 316 10.6.3: Mystery Circuit 317 10.6.4: Servo and a Constant-Illumination Controller 317 10.6.5: Real Op-Amps 319 10.6.6: Practicum Test 321 Chapter 11: Connecting Digital to Analog and to the World 323 11.1: TTL Gates 324 11.1.1: Totem-Pole Output 325 11.1.2: Modified Totem-Pole Output 326 11.1.3: Tristate Output 326 11.2: CMOS Gates 327 11.3: Interfacing 328 11.3.1: Analog Driving Digital 328 11.3.2: Digital Driving Analog 329 11.3.3: Analog-to-Digital Conversion 330 11.4: Interfacing the World 334 11.5: Problems 335 11.6: Lab Projects 338 11.6.1: Stepper Motor 338 11.6.2: Connecting to the Analog World 339 Appendix A: Logic Board 341 Appendix B: If the Circuit Does Not Work 343 B.1: Design 343 B.2: The Obvious 344 B.3: Placement 344 B.4: Pins 344 B.5: Breadboards 344 B.5.1: Past the Obvious 344 B.5.2: Digital Circuits 344 B.5.3: Analog Circuits 345 B.6: Abusive Power 345 B.7: Stuck 345 B.8: Done! 345 Appendix C: Curve Tracer 347 C.1: I–V Curves for Diodes 347 C.2: I–V Curves for Transistors 348 Index 351 Machine generated contents note: 1 The Basics. 2 Introduction to Digital Electronics. 3 Combinational Logic. 4 Advanced Combinational Devices. 5 Sequential Logic. 6 AC Signals. 7 Filters and the Frequency Domain. 8 Diodes. 9 Transistors. 10 Operational Amplifiers. 11 Connecting Digital to Analog and to the World. * Up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of both digital and analog electronics. * A central emphasis of the text is that electronics is hands-on; that the objective is to build something; and that no black-boxes should be left unopened.