Electronics Principles And Applications Of Electrical Engineering

Rizzoni is designed for the sophomore/junior level, Introduction to Electrical Engineering course required for non-EE majors. The most widely used book for this course, Rizzoni introduces non-majors to the three basic areas of electrical engineering: circuits, electronics, and electromechanics. The second edition continues the tradition of focusing on the topics and issues of interest to the non-electrical engineering student. To maintain student interest in these topics, Rizzoni provides numerous links between electrical engineering and other engineering fields. Main Menu -1 EWB and Multisim Help -1 Table of Contents 1 CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Electrical Engineering 6 1.1 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 7 1.2 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AS A FOUNDATION FOR THE DESIGN OF MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS 9 Design Constraints: 10 Design Solutions: 11 1.3 FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING EXAM REVIEW 13 1.4 BRIEF HISTORY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 14 1.5 SYSTEM OF UNITS 15 1.6 SPECIAL FEATURES OF THIS BOOK 16 Focus on Computer-Aided Tools, Virtual Lab 16 Find It on the Web! 17 CD-ROM Content 17 Web Site 18 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 18 PART I: CIRCUITS PART I 19 C H A P T ER 2: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 20 2.1 CHARGE, CURRENT, AND KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW 21 2.2 VOLTAGE AND KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW 26 2.3 IDEAL VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES 28 Ideal Voltage Sources 29 Ideal Current Sources 30 Dependent (Controlled) Sources 30 2.4 ELECTRIC POWER AND SIGN CONVENTION 31 2.5 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS AND THEIR i-v CHARACTERISTICS 34 2.6 RESISTANCE AND OHM’S LAW 35 Open and Short Circuits 43 Series Resistors and the Voltage Divider Rule 44 Parallel Resistors and the Current Divider Rule 47 2.7 PRACTICAL VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES 54 2.8 MEASURING DEVICES 55 The Ohmmeter 55 The Ammeter 56 The Voltmeter 56 2.9 ELECTRICAL NETWORKS 57 Branch 57 Node 60 Loop 60 Mesh 60 Network Analysis 60 Circuit Variables 61 Ground 62 Conclusion 63 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING ANSWERS 63 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 64 C H A P T ER 3: Resistive Network Analysis 76 3.1 THE NODE VOLTAGE METHOD 77 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources 82 3.2 THE MESH CURRENT METHOD 83 Mesh Analysis with Current Sources 87 3.3 NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS WITH CONTROLLED SOURCES 89 Remarks on Node Voltage and Mesh Current Methods 91 3.4 THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION 91 3.5 ONE-PORT NETWORKS AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS 94 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits 95 Determination of Norton or Thevenin Equivalent Resistance 96 Computing the Thevenin Voltage 100 Computing the Norton Current 104 Source Transformations 106 Experimental Determination of Th ́ evenin and Norton Equivalents 109 3.6 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER 112 3.7 NONLINEAR CIRCUIT ELEMENTS 115 Description of Nonlinear Elements 115 Graphical (Load-Line) Analysis of Nonlinear Circuits 116 CONCLUSION 118 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING ANSWERS 119 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 119 C H A P T ER 4: AC Network Analysis 130 4.1 ENERGY-STORAGE (DYNAMIC) CIRCUIT ELEMENTS 131 The Ideal Capacitor 131 Energy Storage in Capacitors 135 The Ideal Inductor 138 Energy Storage in Inductors 142 4.2 TIME-DEPENDENT SIGNAL SOURCES 146 Why Sinusoids? 147 Average and RMS Values 147 4.3 SOLUTION OF CIRCUITS CONTAINING DYNAMIC ELEMENTS 150 Forced Response of Circuits Excited by Sinusoidal Sources 151 4.4 PHASORS AND IMPEDANCE 153 Euler’s Identity 153 Phasors 154 Superposition of AC Signals 156 Impedance 158 The Resistor 158 The Inductor 159 The Capacitor 160 Admittance 166 4.5 AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS METHODS 167 AC Equivalent Circuits 171 CONCLUSION 175 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING ANSWERS 175 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 177 C H A P T ER 5: Transient Analysis 186 5.1 INTRODUCTION 186 5.2 SOLUTION OF CIRCUITS CONTAINING DYNAMIC ELEMENTS 188 5.3 TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF FIRST-ORDER CIRCUITS 191 Natural Response of First-Order Circuits 192 Energy Storage in Capacitors and Inductors 193 Forced and Complete Response of First-Order Circuits 196 Continuity of Capacitor Voltages and Inductor Currents 197 Complete Solution of First-Order Circuits 199 5.4 TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF SECOND-ORDER CIRCUITS 208 Deriving the Differential Equations for Second-Order Circuits 209 Natural Response of Second-Order Circuits 210 Overdamped Solution 213 Critically Damped Solution 214 Underdamped Solution 214 Forced and Complete Response of Second-Order Circuits 215 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING ANSWERS 227 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 228 C H A P T ER 6: Frequency Response and System Concepts 236 6.1 SINUSOIDAL FREQUENCY RESPONSE 237 6.2 FILTERS 243 Low-Pass Filters 244 High-Pass Filters 250 Band-Pass Filters 253 Decibel (dB) or Bode Plots 262 6.3 COMPLEX FREQUENCY AND THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM 265 Complex Frequency 265 The Laplace Transform 268 Transfer Functions, Poles, and Zeros 272 CONCLUSION 274 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING ANSWERS 275 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 276 C H A P T ER 7: AC Power 286 7.1 POWER IN AC CIRCUITS 287 Instantaneous and Average Power 287 AC Power Notation 289 Power Factor 293 7.2 Complex Power 294 Power Factor, Revisited 299 7.3 TRANSFORMERS 313 The Ideal Transformer 314 Impedance Reflection and Power Transfer 316 7.4 THREE-PHASE POWER 320 Balanced Wye Loads 323 Balanced Delta Loads 324 7.5 RESIDENTIAL WIRING; GROUNDING AND SAFETY 327 7.6 GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF AC POWER 330 CONCLUSION 332 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING ANSWERS 332 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 333 PART I I: ELECTRONICS 341 C H A P T ER 8: Semiconductors and Diodes 342 8.1 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES 343 8.2 THE pn JUNCTION AND THE SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE 345 8.3 CIRCUIT MODELS FOR THE SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE 348 Large-Signal Diode Models 348 Ideal Diode Model 348 Hydraulic Check Valves 349 Offset Diode Model 353 Small-Signal Diode Models 356 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS: 358 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS: 359 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTIC CURVES: 359 Piecewise Linear Diode Model 362 8.4 PRACTICAL DIODE CIRCUITS 365 The Full-Wave Rectifier 365 The Bridge Rectifier 367 DC Power Supplies, Zener Diodes, and Voltage Regulation 369 Signal-Processing Applications 375 The Diode Clipper (Limiter) 375 The Diode Peak Detector 377 The Diode Clamp 380 Photodiodes 382 CONCLUSION 385 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING ANSWERS 386 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 386 C H A P T ER 9: Transistor Fundamentals 396 9.1 TRANSISTORS AS AMPLIFIERS AND SWITCHES 397 9.2 THE BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR (BJT) 399 Determining the Operating Region of a BJT 402 Selecting an Operating Point for a BJT 404 9.3 BJT LARGE-SIGNAL MODEL 412 Large-Signal Model of the npn BJT 412 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS: 414 THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS: 415 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTIC CURVES: 415 9.4 FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS 420 9.5 OVERVIEW OF ENHANCEMENT-MODE MOSFETS 420 Operation of the n-Channel Enhancement-Mode MOSFET 421 p-Channel MOSFETs and CMOS Devices 426 9.6 DEPLETION MOSFETs AND JFETs 428 Depletion MOSFETs 428 Junction Field-Effect Transistors 429 Depletion MOSFET and JFET Equations 431 CONCLUSION 435 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING ANSWERS 435 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 436 C H A P T ER 10: Transistor Ampli .ers and Switches 442 10.1 SMALL-SIGNAL MODELS OF THE BJT 443 Transconductance 446 10.2 BJT SMALL-SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS 448 DC Analysis of the Common-Emitter Amplifier 451 AC Analysis of the Common-Emitter Amplifier 458 Other BJT Amplifier Circuits 462 10.3 FET SMALL-SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS 462 The MOSFET Common-Source Amplifier 466 The MOSFET Source Follower 470 10.4 TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS 473 Frequency Response of Small-Signal Amplifiers 473 Multistage Amplifiers 475 10.5 TRANSISTOR GATES AND SWITCHES 477 Analog Gates 478 Digital Gates 478 Diode Gates 479 BJT Gates 479 MOSFET Logic Gates 482 CONCLUSION 487 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING ANSWERS 487 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 488 C H A P T ER 11: Power Electronics 500 11.1 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER ELECTRONIC DEVICES 501 11.2 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 502 11.3 VOLTAGE REGULATORS 504 11.4 POWER AMPLIFIERS AND TRANSISTOR SWITCHES 507 Power Amplifiers 507 BJT Switching Characteristics 509 Power MOSFETs 510 Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) 513 11.5 RECTIFIERS AND CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS (AC-DC CONVERTERS) 513 Three-Phase Rectifiers 516 Thyristors and Controlled Rectifiers 517 11.6 ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVES 523 Choppers (DC-DC Converters) 523 Inverters (DC-AC Converters) 528 Conclusion 531 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING ANSWERS 531 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 532 C H A PT E R 12: Operational Amplifiers 536 12.1 AMPLIFIERS 537 Ideal Amplifier Characteristics 537 12.2 THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER 538 The Open-Loop Model 539 The Operational Amplifier in the Closed-Loop Mode 540 The Inverting Amplifier 540 The Summing Amplifier 544 The Noninverting Amplifier 545 The Differential Amplifier 547 12.3 ACTIVE FILTERS 558 12.4 INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR CIRCUITS 564 The Ideal Integrator 564 The Ideal Differentiator 567 12.5 ANALOG COMPUTERS 567 Scaling in Analog Computers 569 12.6 PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS OF OP-AMPS 574 Voltage Supply Limits 574 Frequency Response Limits 576 Input Offset Voltage 579 Input Bias Currents 580 Output Offset Adjustment 581 Slew Rate Limit 582 Short-Circuit Output Current 584 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) 585 CONCLUSION 590 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 591 C H A P T ER 13: Digital Logic Circuits 604 13.1 ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALS 605 13.2 THE BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM 607 Addition and Subtraction 607 Multiplication and Division 608 Conversion from Decimal to Binary 608 Complements and Negative Numbers 609 The Hexadecimal System 611 Binary Codes 611 13.3 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA 615 AND and OR Gates 615 NAND and NOR Gates 622 The XOR (Exclusive OR) Gate 624 13.4 KARNAUGH MAPS AND LOGIC DESIGN 625 Sum-of-Products Realizations 628 Product-of-Sums Realizations 632 Don’t Care Conditions 636 13.5 COMBINATIONAL LOGIC MODULES 639 Multiplexers 639 Read-Only Memory (ROM) 640 Decoders and Read and Write Memory 643 CONCLUSION 644 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING ANSWERS 644 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 645 C H A P T ER 14: Digital Systems 652 14.1 SEQUENTIAL LOGIC MODULES 653 Latches and Flip-Flops 653 RS Flip-Flop 653 D Flip-Flop 656 JK Flip-Flop 658 Digital Counters 660 Registers 667 14.2 SEQUENTIAL LOGIC DESIGN 669 14.3 MICROCOMPUTERS 672 Mechatronics 674 14.4 MICROCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE 675 14.5 MICROCONTROLLERS 676 Computer Architecture 677 The Central Processor Unit (CPU) 677 The Clock 677 Memory 678 Computer Programs 679 Number Systems and Number Codes in Digital Computers 679 Number Systems 679 Computer Codes 680 Mnemonics and Assemblers 680 Memory Organization 680 Operation of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) 682 Interrupts 683 Instruction Set for the MC68HC05 Microcontroller 684 Programming and Application Development in a Microcontroller 685 14.6 A TYPICAL AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE MICROCONTROLLER 685 General Description 685 Processor Section 686 Microprocessor 686 Central Processing Unit 686 Timer Processor Unit (TPU) 687 System Integration Module (SIM) 687 Queued Serial Module (QSM) 687 Memory 687 Boot Memory 687 RAM 687 Memory Map 687 Chip Select 688 Analog-to-Digital Converters 688 Communications 688 Interrupts 689 Input/Output (I/O) Section 689 Inputs 689 Discrete 689 Analog 689 PWM/Frequency 689 Knock 689 Outputs 690 Discrete 690 PWM 690 Output Driver Module 690 Fuel Injectors 690 Spark Coil 690 Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Valve Drivers 690 Current-Controlled Circuit 690 Stepper Motor 691 Brushless Motor 691 Power Supply 691 Ground Structure 691 14.7 CONCLUSION 691 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING ANSWERS 691 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 692 C H A P T ER 15: Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements 694 15.1 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS AND TRANSDUCERS 695 Measurement Systems 695 Sensor Classification 695 Motion and Dimensional Measurements 696 Force, Torque, and Pressure Measurements 696 Flow Measurements 698 Temperature Measurements 698 Thermocouples 698 Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) 699 15.2 WIRING, GROUNDING, AND NOISE 700 Signal Sources and Measurement System Configurations 700 Noise Sources and Coupling Mechanisms 702 Noise Reduction 703 15.3 SIGNAL CONDITIONING 704 Instrumentation Amplifiers 704 Active Filters 709 15.4 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL AND DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION 718 Digital-to-Analog Converters 719 Analog-to-Digital Converters 723 Quantization 723 Tracking ADC 723 Integrating ADC 724 Flash ADC 724 Data Acquisition Systems 728 15.5 COMPARATOR AND TIMING CIRCUITS 732 The Op-Amp Comparator 733 The Schmitt Trigger 736 The Op-Amp Astable Multivibrator 740 The Op-Amp Monostable Multivibrator (One-Shot) 742 Timer ICs: The NE555 745 15.6 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 747 Amplifiers 747 DACs and ADCs 748 Frequency-to-Voltage, Voltage-to-Frequency Converters and Phase-Locked Loops 748 Other Sensor and Signal Conditioning Circuits 748 15.7 DATA TRANSMISSION IN DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS 753 The IEEE 488 Bus 754 The RS-232 Standard 758 Other Communication Network Standards 761 CONCLUSION 761 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING ANSWERS 762 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 762 PART III: ELECTROMECHANICS 771 C H A P T ER 16: Principles of Electromechanics 772 16.1 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 773 The Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law 773 Self- and Mutual Inductance 776 Ampere’s Law 780 16.2 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS 784 16.3 MAGNETIC MATERIALS AND B-H CURVES 798 16.4 TRANSFORMERS 800 16.5 ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION 804 Forces in Magnetic Structures 805 Moving-Iron Transducers 805 Practical Facts About Solenoids 811 Moving-Coil Transducers 814 Motor Action 815 Generator Action 816 CONCLUSION 823 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING ANSWERS 823 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 824 C H A P T ER 17: Introduction to Electric Machines 832 17.1 ROTATING ELECTRIC MACHINES 833 Basic Classification of Electric Machines 833 Performance Characteristics of Electric Machines 835 Basic Operation of All Rotating Machines 842 Magnetic Poles in Electric Machines 842 17.2 DIRECT-CURRENT MACHINES 845 Physical Structure of DC Machines 845 Configuration of DC Machines 847 DC Machine Models 847 17.3 DIRECT-CURRENT GENERATORS 850 17.4 DIRECT-CURRENT MOTORS 854 Speed-Torque and Dynamic Characteristics of DC Motors 855 The Shunt Motor 855 Compound Motors 856 Series Motors 858 Permanent-Magnet DC Motors 859 DC Drives and DC Motor Speed Control 865 17.5 AC MACHINES 867 Rotating Magnetic Fields 867 17.6 THE ALTERNATOR (SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR) 869 17.7 THE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR 871 17.8 THE INDUCTION MOTOR 875 Performance of Induction Motors 882 AC Motor Speed and Torque Control 884 Pole Number Control 884 Slip Control 884 Rotor Control 884 Frequency Regulation 884 Adjustable-Frequency Drives 885 CONCLUSION 886 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING ANSWERS 887 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 887 C H A P T ER 18: Special-Purpose Electric Machines 894 18.1 BRUSHLESS DC MOTORS 895 18.2 STEPPING MOTORS 902 18.3 SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTORS 910 Operating Principles of SR Machine 911 18.4 SINGLE-PHASE AC MOTORS 913 Fractional Horsepower Motors 914 The Universal Motor 914 Single-Phase Induction Motors 917 Classification of Single-Phase Induction Motors 922 Split-Phase Motors 923 Capacitor-Type Motors 923 Shaded-Pole Motors 925 Summary of Single-Phase Motor Characteristics 927 18.5 MOTOR SELECTION AND APPLICATION 928 Motor Performance Calculations 928 Reflected Load Inertia Calculations 929 Torque Definitions 930 Acceleration Calculations 930 Efficiency Calculations 930 Thermal Calculations 931 Motor Selection 931 Motion Requirements 932 Motor Sizing 932 Defining the Power Requirements 933 Choosing a Transmission 933 CONCLUSION 933 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 933 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 934 A P P E N D IX A: Linear Algebra and Complex Numbers 938 A.1 SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS, CRAMER’S RULE AND MATRIX EQUATION 938 A.2 INTRODUCTION TO COMPLEX ALGEBRA 940 Euler’s Identity 944 A P P E N D IX B: Fundamentals of Engineering (FE)Examination 946 B.1 INTRODUCTION 946 B.2 EXAM FORMAT AND CONTENT 947 B.3 THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SECTION OF THE FE EXAM 948 B.4 REVIEW FOR THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SECTION OF THE FE EXAMINATION 949 Capacitance and Inductance 950 AC Circuits 950 Transients 953 Three-Phase Circuits 954 Diode Applications 955 Operational Amplifiers 956 Electric and Magnetic Fields 957 A P P E N D IX C: Answers to Selected Problems 960 Chapter 2 960 Chapter 3 961 Chapter 4 961 Chapter 5 961 Chapter 6 961 Chapter 7 962 Chapter 8 962 Chapter 9 963 Chapter 10 963 Chapter 11 963 Chapter 12 963 Chapter 13 963 Chapter 14 964 Chapter 15 964 Chapter 16 964 Chapter 17 965 Chapter 18 965 Textbook Website -1 Student OLC -1 McGraw-Hill Website -1 Hewlett Packard Website -1