ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

This book, intended as a first text for the students of electronics, emphasizes the basic working principles and operations of semiconductor devices and teaches the reader how to analyze and design electronic circuits using various devices. Special Circuits using diodes explained in detail with constant current source and constant voltage source regions Extensive coverage of FET, MOSFET, Dual Gate MOSFET, CMOS, MESFET, DVCVS/DVCCS Biasing of discrete BJTs and ICs discussed in detail A separate chapter on two-terminal devices Solved problems, practice problems, and multiple-choice questions with answers at the end of every chapter Table Of Physics of Semiconductors Physical Phenomenon in Homojunction Diode as Circuit Element Junction Diode Rectifier Physical Phenomenon in BJT Physical Phenomenon in JFET and MOSFET Biasing BJT Amplifiers FET Amplifiers Frequency Response of BJT Amplifiers Multistage Amplifiers Feedback in Amplifiers Oscillators Power Amplifiers Operational Amplifier Regulated Power Supplies Integrated Circuit Timers Special Two-Terminal Devices Tuned Amplifier Cover Electronic Devices and Integrated Circuits Preface Acknowledgements Contents Physics of Semiconductors Introduction Conductors Insulators Semiconductors Energy Band Current Flow and Concept of Holes Free Carriers—Excitation and Doping Doping Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductor Tetravalent Elements Effect of Temperature on Intrinsic Conductivity Conduction of Current Drift Current Recombination/Generation and Lifetime Diffusion Current Extrinsic Semiconductor n-type Material Representation of n-type Material p-type Semiconductor Representation of p-type Material Carrier Concentration Energy Distribution Fermi Level Electron Emission from Metal Work Function Thermionic Emission Energies of Emitted Electrons Carrier Concentration in Intrinsic Semiconductor Population of Electrons in the Conduction Band Density of States Number of Holes in Valence Band Fermi Level in Intrinsic Semiconductor Intrinsic Concentration Fermi Level in Extrinsic Semiconductor Fermi Level in n-type Semiconductor Fermi Level in p-type Semiconductor Hall Effect Solved Problems Questions for Practice Multiple Choice Questions Answers to Multiple Choice Questions Physical Phenomenon in Homojunction Introduction Qualitative Analysis of Homojunction Biasing of Homojunction Forward Biasing of p-n Homojunction Quantitative Analysis of Homojunction Depletion Width across Homojunction Potential Barrier Depletion/Transition Layer Capacitance Across Homojunction Diffusion Capacitance Continuity Equation Case I: Variation with time only Case II: Variation with Distance Graded Homojunction Types of Diodes Signal Diodes Power Diodes Varactor Diode Schottky Diode PIN Diode Zener Diodes Types of Homojunctions Grown Homojunction Alloy/ Fused Homojunction Diffused Homojunction Epitaxial Planar Heterojunction Abrupt Isotype Heterojunction Abrupt Anisotype Heterojunction Solved Problems Questions for Practice Multiple Choice Questions Answers to Multiple Choice Questions Diode as Circuit Element Introduction Forward Bias Characteristic Reverse Bias Characteristic Equivalent Circuit of Semiconductor Diode Load Line Analysis of Diode Analysis for dc Voltage Load Line Equation Use of Zener Diode Clamper Solved Problems Junction Diode Rectifier Introduction Half-wave Rectifier Analysis RMS Current Ripple Factor Ratio of Rectification Regulation Full-wave Rectifier RMS Value Ripple Factor Ratio of Rectification Regulation Peak Inverse Voltage Bridge Rectifier Transformer Utilization Factor TUF for one Diode Half-wave Rectifier TUF for a Bridge Rectifier TUF for Two-diode Full-wave Rectifier Advantages of Bridge Rectifier Passive Filter RC Filter Choke Input Filter L-section Filter Π-filter Voltage Multiplier Voltage Doubler Full Wave Voltage Doubler Voltage Tripler and Quadrupler Voltage Regulation Case I: (Fixed VI and RL) Case II: (Variable VI and RL) Solved Problems Questions for Practice Multiple Choice Questions Answers to Multiple Choice Questions Physical Phenomenon in BJT Introduction Physical Structure Operation of BJT Transport Phenomenon DC Equivalent Circuit Static Characteristics of BJT Common Base Common Emitter DC Load Line Ebers-Moll Model Normal Active Mode Saturation Mode Charge Control Model of BJT Approximate Analysis of Current Flow in BJT Solved Problems Questions for Practice Multiple Choice Questions Answers to Multiple Choice Questions Physical Phenomenon in JFET and MOSFET Introduction Advantages of FET Disadvantages of JFET Fabrication Operation of JFET with Small VDS Operation Beyond Linear Range Operation of JFET with Small VDS and VGS = –V1 Derivation of ID V-I Characteristics Linear Range Saturation Range Transfer Characteristics FET Parameters Drain Resistance Mutual Conductance (gm) Amplification Factor (μ) MOSFET Construction Symbology Depletion Type MOSFET Enhancement Type MOSFET Derivation of MOSFET Drain Current MOSFET Inverter Operation pMOSFET MESFET (GaAs device) Operation MESFET Model CMOS Operation Dual Gate MOSFET Solved Problems Questions for Practice Multiple Choice Questions Answers to Multiple Choice Questions Biasing Introduction Fixed Base Bias Self Bias Voltage Feedback Type Disadvantages of Collector to Base Bias Current Feed-back Type Effect of Amplification Factor on ICQ Effect of Temperature on the Q-point Voltage and Current Feed-back Circuit Voltage Divider Emitter Bias Effect of Bypass Capacitors on Biasing Stability Factor Analysis Diode Compensation IC Biasing Current Source Current Sink Current Mirror Current Steering Circuit Three-transistor Current Source (Wilson Source) Temperature Compensated Current Sink Solved Problems Questions for Practice Multiple Choice Questions Answers to Multiple Choice Questions BJT Amplifiers Introduction Frequency Range of Operation Duration of Conduction Input Signal Magnitude Types of Output Signal BJT Configurations Interstage Coupling Current Amplification Factor Qualitative Comparison of BJT Configurations Current Amplification Factor Physical Explanation for ICBO and ICEO BJT Ratings Input Resistance Output Resistance Voltage Gain Power Gain Why is CE Widely Used ? Small Signal Model of BJT Z-parameters Model Y-parameters Model h-parameter Model CE Amplifier CB Amplifier CC Amplifier BJT Phase Splitter Darlington Configuration Bootstrap Amplifier Solved Problems Questions for Practice Multiple Choice Questions FET Amplifier Introduction Common Source FET Phase Splitter Common Drain Amplifier Common Gate Amplifier High Frequency Model Miller Theorem Unity Gain Frequency of FET Frequency Response of CS Amplifier Mid Frequency Range High Frequency Range Low Frequency Range Low Frequency Range When Xs ≠ 0 Frequency Response of CD Amplifier Mid Frequency Range High Frequency Range Low Frequency Range Common Gate Amplifier GaAs Amplifiers MOS Current Mirror Active Load CMOS Amplifier Cascode Current Source Other Cascode Configuration MESFET Difference Amplifier BiCMOS BiCMOS Inverter BiFET and BiMOS Circuits Solved Problems Multiple Choice Questions Answers to Multiple Choice Questions Frequency Response Amplifiers Introduction RC Coupled Transformer Coupled Direct Coupled RC Coupled Amplifier Analysis Factors Affecting Frequency Response Effect of Coupling Capacitors Effect of Bypass Capacitor Low-pass High-cut RC Circuit High-pass Low-cut RC Circuit Hybrid-Π Model of BJT Hybrid-Π Model of BJT at High Frequency Transition/depletion Layer Capacitance CT Diffusion Capacitance CD Output Conductance (gce) Feedback Conductance (gμ) Short Circuit Current Amplification Ratio (β) Common Emitter Amplifier Mid Frequency Response of CE Low Frequency Response of CE High Frequency Response of CE Effect of Bypass Capacitor in CE Solved Problems Multiple Choice Questions Answers to Multiple Choice Questions Multistage Amplifiers Introduction Decibel Decibel for Voltage and Current Ratios Effect of Cascading on Bandwidth CE-CE Cascaded Stages CE-CC Cascade Stage Cascode Amplifier Differential Amplifier AC Analysis Input Resistance Common Mode Rejection Ratio Balancing Differential Amplifier Long Tail Differential Amplifier Emitter Coupled Differential Amplifier CS-CB Amplifier CS-CE Amplifier CC-CB (Emitter Coupled) Amplifier FET-BJT Darlington FET-FET Cascode Amplifier CS Differential Amplifier FET-BJT Coupled Amplifier Solved Problems Feedback in Amplifiers Introduction Sensitivity to Gain Variation Bandwidth Modification Noise Reduction Classification of Feedback Voltage Series Feedback Current Series Feedback Voltage Shunt Feedback Current Shunt Feedback Practical Circuit of Voltage Series Feedback Voltage Shunt Feedback Current Series Feedback Current Shunt Feedback Solved Problems Questions for Practice Multiple Choice Questions Answers to Multiple Choice Questions Oscillators Introduction RC Oscillators Phase-shift Oscillators RC Phase Lead BJT Oscillator Weinbridge Oscillator Radio Frequency Oscillators Hartley Oscillator Working Principle Colpitt’s Oscillator Working Principle Clapp Oscillator Tuned Collector Crystal Oscillators Piezoelectric Crystal Unijunction Transistor UJT Characteristic Curve UJT Applications Solved Problems Questions For Practices Multiple Choice Questions Answers to Multiple Choice Questions Power Amplifiers Introduction Classification of Power Amplifier Single-ended Power Amplifiers Double-ended Power Amplifiers How Do Power Amplifier Differ From Voltage Amplifiers? Single-ended Transformer Coupled Stage Integrated Circuit Class A Amplifier Double-ended Amplifier Class B Push-pull Load Line Power Calculations Complementary Symmetry Output Stage Power Conversion Efficiency (η) Power Dissipation Across the Transistor Reduction of Crossover Distortion Class AB Push-pull Stage Operation Output Resistance Biasing of Class AB Circuit Biasing Using Diodes Biasing Using VBE Multiplier Power Transistors Thermal Resistance Derating Curve Transistor Case With Heat Sink Solved Problems Questions for Practice Multiple Choice Questions Answers to Multiple Choice Questions Operational Amplifiers Introduction Level Shifter Output Stage Differential Amplifier (DC Analysis) Active Load Ideal Characteristics of Operational Amplifier Frequency Response of Op-amp Compensation Techniques Offset Voltage Inverting Op-amp Circuit Non-inverting Op-amp Circuit Summing Op-amp Circuit Subtractor Programmable Gain Amplifier Voltage Follower Op-amp Integrator & Differentiator Basic Op Amp Integrator Basic Op Amp Differentiator Non-linear Applications of Op-amps Comparator Window Detector Schmitt’s Trigger Peak Detector Clipper Clamper Constant Current Source Voltage to Current Converter Operational Transconductance Amplifier Applications of OTA Current to Voltage Converters Sample-hold Circuit Logarithmic Amplifiers Antilog Amplifier Precision Rectifier Superdiode Half-wave Rectifier Disadvantages Precision Full-wave Rectifier Square Waveform Generation Triangular Wave Generator Monostable Multivibrator Analog Multiplier Application of Multiplier: Frequency Doubling Divider Square Rooting Power of Any Value Cube Rooting Filters Design Methods Biquad Realization Sallen-Key Filters State Variable Biquad Summation Method Feed Forward Method Simulated Inductance Approach Frequency Dependent Negative Resistance Approach Switched Capacitor Filter Realization of Resistor Using Capacitor Switch Capacitor Integrator DVCVS/DVCCS BiFET and BiMOS Circuits Analog Computer Computer Diagram Notations Circuit of One Degree Freedom Reasons for Time and Magnitude Scaling Time Scaling Magnitude Scaling Estimation of Maximum Values Function Generation Solved Problems Regulated Power Supplies Introduction Classification of Voltage Regulators Linear (Dissipative) Voltage Regulator Stabistor Emitter Follower Regulator Series Voltage Regulator Sampler Reference Element Comparator Amplifier Series Control Element Pre-regulator Shunt Regulator Current Limiting Techniques Constant Current Limiting Foldback Current Limiting Linear Voltage Regulators : First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Current Boosting 723 Regulator Positive Voltage Series IC Regulator 78XX Current Boosting 7805 Regulator Negative Voltage Series IC Regulator Three Terminal Adjustable Voltage IC Regulator Three Terminal Adjustable Positive Voltage Regulator Three Terminals Adjustable Negative Voltage Regulators Dual IC Power Supply Switched Mode Power Supply Basic Principle of dc to dc Conversion Step-up Switching Regulator Passive Switching Components Inductor Switching Transistor Free Wheeling Diode Solved Problems Multiple Choice Questions Answers to Multiple Choice Questions Integrated Circuit Timers Introduction Monostable Multivibrator Using 555 Missing Pulse Detector Pulse Width Modulation Linear Ramp Generator Astable Multivibrator Using 555 Schmitt Trigger Pulse Position Modulation FSK Generation VCO With 555 Phase Lock Loop Solved Problems Questions for Practice Multiple Choice Questions Answers to Multiple Choice Questions Special Two-terminal Devices Introduction Light Dependent Resistance Photodiodes Phototransistor Photovoltaic Cell IR Emitter Solar Cell Open Circuit Voltage Short Circuit Current Light Emitting Diodes Radiative Recombination LED materials Direct Bandgap LEDs Indirect Bandgap LEDs LED Specifications Geometry of LEDs Colours of LEDs Intelligent Display Modules LED Fabrication Using an LED Liquid Crystal Displays Questions for Practice Multiple Choice Questions Answers to Multiple Choice Questions Tuned Amplifiers Introduction Single Tuned Amplifier Input Side Single Tuned Amplifier Impedance Transformation Output Side Single Tuned Amplifier Double Tuned Circuit Frequency Response Multistage Tuned Amplifier Integrated Circuit Tuned Amplifier Solved Problems Multiple Choice Questions Answers to Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography index Imperfect: lacking t.p. - Includes bibliographical references (p. [937]) and index. - Description based on print version record