Designing Interiors

After its publication in 1992, Designing Interiors became a hugely successful reference tool and designing textbook. In Designing Interiors, Second Edition, updates on trends in sustainability and green design, building codes, universal design, and building information models amplify the already invaluable interior design tricks of trade. Design professors Rosemary and Otie Kilmer provide a fuller design history that incorporates non-Western design and dynamic color illustrations that flesh out technical concepts. (После первого издания в 1992 г., «Проектирование Интерьеров» стал чрезвычайно популярным справочным пособием и учебником. Второе издание обновлено в разделах о тенденциях экологического дизайна, строительных норм, общего дизайна, а также создания информационных моделей. В книге представлена полная история мирового дизайна, а не только западной его традиции. В динамических цветных иллюстрациях даны технические концепции.) Designing Interiors 3 Contents 9 Preface 21 Acknowledgments 25 1 Interior Design, an Introduction 27 CURRENT ISSUES IN DESIGN 27 Universal Design 27 Globalization 28 Sustainable Design 28 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 30 Before the Nineteenth Century 31 The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Decorating and Integrated Design 33 INTERIOR DESIGN AS A PROFESSION 35 The Interior Designer 35 Allied Professions 37 Professional Societies 38 ENTERING THE FIELD OF INTERIOR DESIGN 40 Academic Preparation 40 Work Experience and Internships 41 Career Opportunities 41 Licensing Interior Designers 42 FOR FURTHER READING 42 2 The Origins of Design 43 THE MEANING AND ESSENCE OF DESIGN 44 Originality in Design 45 Functional and Visual Design Concepts 46 THE DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN 48 Context, Container, and Contents 48 Design and Style 49 DESIGN HISTORY 50 Ancient Design 50 The Middle Ages 55 The Renaissance, 1400–1700 58 Baroque and Rococo, 1580–1760 65 Early American Architecture and Interiors 70 The Neoclassic Period and Other Revivals 75 The Victorian Era, 1830–1901 81 NON-EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE AND INTERIORS 82 Africa—Prehistory to the Present 82 Islamic Design—622 to the Present 83 China—4000 BC to AD 1912 86 Japan—Prehistory to the Present 88 India—2500 BC to the Nineteenth Century 88 Pre-Columbian Era—300 BC to AD 1570 89 NOTE 90 FOR FURTHER READING 90 3 The Evolution of Modern Design 91 NEW TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATIVE DESIGN 91 Michael Thonet, 1796–1871 91 Shaker Furniture, 1747–c.1860 92 The Arts and Crafts Movement, 1860–1900 93 Art Nouveau, 1890–1905 94 The Vienna Secession Movement, 1897–1911 98 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 99 Pioneers of Modernism 99 de Stijl, 1917–1931 103 Bauhaus, 1919–1933 103 International Style 105 Art Deco, 1925–1940 106 MODERNISM 106 Early Modernism, 1930–1950 107 Middle Modernism, 1950–1970 112 Design Trends in the Millennium 121 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 127 Globalization 127 Interactive Design 128 Environmental Responsibility in Design 128 More for Less 130 Social Responsibility 130 User Participation 131 FOR FURTHER READING 132 4 The Basic Theories of Design Composition 133 DESIGN APPROACHES 133 Structural Design 133 Decorative or Applied Design 134 Naturalistic Design 134 Organic Design 135 Geometric Design 136 Abstract Design 139 Metamorphic Design 139 THE ELEMENTS OF DESIGN 139 Space 140 Line 149 Form 150 Shape 150 Texture 154 Time 157 THE PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN 159 Balance 159 Rhythm 163 Emphasis 164 Proportion 164 Scale 165 Unity and Harmony 165 Variety 168 FOR FURTHER READING 168 5 Color and Light 169 LIGHT SOURCES 169 MODIFIERS OF LIGHT 172 HUMAN VISION AND PERCEPTION 173 COLOR THEORY AND SYSTEMS 174 Additive Method of Mixing Light 174 Subtractive Method of Mixing Light 175 Paint-Color Mixing 175 Color Properties 176 Color Systems 176 Color Schemes 184 PSYCHOLOGY OF COLOR 191 Color Perception 192 Color Application in Interiors 193 Communicating Color Decisions 198 NOTE 201 FOR FURTHER READING 201 6 Design as a Process 203 THE DESIGN PROCESS: THE SEQUENTIAL STEPS 204 Commit (Accept the Problem) 207 State (Define the Problem) 207 Collect (Gather the Facts) 208 Analyze 209 Ideate 211 Choose (Select the Best Option) 215 Implement (Take Action) 217 Evaluate (Critically Review) 221 NOTES 222 FOR FURTHER READING 222 7 Programming Interior Spaces 223 VALUES IN PROGRAMMING 225 THE PROGRAMMING PROCESS: THE SEQUENTIAL STEPS 226 Establish the Goals 226 Research, Gather, and Analyze Facts 226 Specify Needs 231 Evaluate 236 Organize and Decide 237 Present Conclusions 238 NOTES 240 FOR FURTHER READING 240 8 Space Planning of Residential Interiors 243 INTRODUCTION TO SPACE PLANNING 243 Space Planners and Interior Design 243 Categories of Interior Spaces 244 PLANNING RESIDENTIAL SPACES 247 Planning Guidelines 248 SPACE ORGANIZATION 250 Closed Planning 250 Open Planning 251 INTERIOR ZONING 253 Group/Social Spaces 253 Private Zones 259 Transitional Spaces and Circulation 275 SPECIAL HOUSING NEEDS 279 Accessibility and Adaptable Housing 279 Housing for the Elderly 280 FOR FURTHER READING 280 9 Space Planning of Commercial Interiors 281 OFFICE DESIGN 281 Historical Development 282 Spatial Organization 286 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 294 Spatial Organization 295 RETAIL DESIGN 297 Spatial Organization 300 HOSPITALITY DESIGN 301 Restaurants 301 Hotels, Motels, Inns, Bed & Breakfast, Hostels 304 Theaters, Concert Halls, Auditoriums, Arenas 306 Recreational 307 HEALTHCARE DESIGN 307 INSTITUTIONAL, PUBLIC, GOVERNMENT, AND OTHER FACILITIES 309 Schools, Colleges, and Universities 309 Public and Government 310 RELIGIOUS 310 INDUSTRIAL AND TRANSPORTATION 310 SPECIALIZED INTERIORS 310 FOR FURTHER READING 311 10 Environmental Concerns, Codes, and Regulations 313 THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT: INFLUENCES ON INTERIORS 313 Environmental Planning 314 LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT 315 Urban Planning 316 Cluster Planning 316 Specialized Planning 318 New Towns 318 Zoning 319 FORM DETERMINANTS FOR BUILDINGS 320 Site Planning 320 Site Analysis 321 Building Siting and Design 322 BUILDING CODES 322 Building Codes and Interiors 323 Fire Resistance, Safety, and Fire Protection 325 Accessibility 326 BARRIER-FREE ACCESS 328 General Guidelines 328 HISTORIC PRESERVATION, RESTORATION, AND ADAPTIVE REUSE 331 Background 332 Landmarks: Districts and Buildings 332 Historic Buildings and Interiors 332 FOR FURTHER READING 333 11 Interior Environmental Control and Support Systems 335 ENERGY CONSERVATION AND CLIMATE CONTROL 335 The Human Comfort Zone 336 Solar Energy and Interiors 343 Electrical Systems for Buildings 349 Water Use in Buildings 354 Mechanical Conveying Systems 357 Acoustics 358 FOR FURTHER READING 361 12 Lighting for Interiors 363 NATURAL LIGHT 364 Controlling Daylight 365 ARTIFICIAL LIGHT 366 The Measurement of Light 366 ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES 369 Incandescent Lamps 369 Electric Discharge Sources 372 Color Appearance of Light 379 LIGHTING NEEDS AND APPLICATION 380 Lighting for Special Groups 381 General or Ambient Lighting 381 Task Lighting 382 Accent or Special-Emphasis Lighting 382 LIGHTING FIXTURES AND TECHNIQUES 383 Manufactured Luminaires 383 Spatially Integrated Lighting Systems 385 Portable Lighting Fixtures 387 ELECTRICAL CONTROLS FOR LIGHTING 388 INTERIOR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING 389 Office Lighting 389 Retail Lighting 393 Restaurant Lighting 394 Healthcare Facilities Lighting 395 LIGHTING CODES AND REGULATIONS 396 FOR FURTHER READING 398 13 Materials—Characteristics and Applications 399 INTRODUCTION TO SELECTING MATERIALS 399 Materials, Environmental Concerns, and Sustainability 399 Natural Materials 401 Converted Materials 401 Artificial Materials 401 Material Selection 401 WOOD 402 Physical Properties 402 Hardwoods and Softwoods 405 Wood Layering 406 Designing with Wood 409 Wood Finishes 412 MASONRY 414 Stone 414 Brick 416 Concrete Masonry Units 418 Glass Block 421 CONCRETE 421 Cement Manufacturing 421 Plaster, Stucco, and Synthetic Mixtures 421 CERAMICS 423 Earthenware and Stoneware 423 Porcelain and China 424 Ceramic Tiles 424 GLASS 425 Manufactured Glass 425 Architectural Glass 426 Decorative Glass 428 METALS 428 Ferrous (Iron-Bearing) Metals 430 Nonferrous Metals 431 Finishing and Coating Metals 431 PLASTICS 431 Thermoplastics and Thermoset Plastic 432 Plastic Fabrication 432 Plastic Laminates 433 Solid Surface Materials 434 Carbon Fiber 434 TEXTILES 434 Selection and Application of Fabrics 435 Fibers 437 Yarns 439 Textile Construction 440 Textile Colorants 442 Fabric Finishes 443 Textiles for Interiors 445 MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS 446 Rubber, Cork, and Leather 446 Paint and Related Coatings 447 FOR FURTHER READING 448 14 Architectural Systems and Interior Finishes 449 SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING 449 BUILDING SHELL AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 450 Structural Design 450 Structural Characteristics of Materials 450 Basic Structural Elements 450 Structural Systems 457 FLOOR SYSTEMS 457 Wood Floor Systems 459 Steel Floor Systems 459 Concrete Floor Systems 460 Specialized Floor Systems 460 FLOOR FINISHES AND SPECIFICATION CRITERIA 460 Hard Flooring 461 Resilient Flooring 466 Soft Floor Coverings 467 WALL SYSTEMS 475 Wall Construction 475 Wall Finishes and Specification Criteria 477 CEILING SYSTEMS 484 Ceiling Construction 484 Ceiling Surface Materials 486 FOR FURTHER READING 488 15 Interior Components 489 STAIRS 489 Stair Construction and Design 489 DOORS 490 Door Types 490 Door Styles and Construction 494 Door Frames and Hardware 496 WINDOWS 497 Window Types 497 Window Construction 500 INTERIOR WINDOW TREATMENTS 502 Functional Considerations 502 Aesthetic Factors 503 Cost Factors 503 Types of Window Treatments 503 CABINETRY 508 Cabinet Specifications 509 Cabinet Construction 509 Cabinet Hardware 511 Cabinet Tops 512 FIREPLACES 512 Fireplace Construction 512 Fireplace Types 514 Fireplace Locations 514 FOR FURTHER READING 515 16 Furniture 517 DESIGNING WITH FURNITURE 517 Programming for Furniture 518 Space Planning and Furniture 518 Furniture Plans and Panel Installation 519 SELECTION CRITERIA FOR FURNITURE 520 Function 521 Furniture for Special Groups 522 Design Characteristics 522 Life-Cycle Assessments and Costs 524 FURNITURE TYPES 524 Seating 524 Tabular Units (Tables) 531 Sleeping Units 531 Storage Units 532 Task Units (Desks) 536 Systems Furniture 538 Specialized Furniture 542 FURNITURE MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 543 Wood 543 Metals 545 Plastics 547 Upholstered Furniture 547 FOR FURTHER READING 549 17 Furnishings and Equipment 551 FURNISHINGS 551 Accessories 553 Artwork 555 Plants 562 Signage and Graphics 566 EQUIPMENT 570 Residential Equipment 571 Office Equipment 571 Healthcare Equipment 572 Hospitality Equipment 572 Retail Equipment 572 Institutional Equipment 572 FOR FURTHER READING 573 18 Design Communication 575 DRAWING AS DESIGN COMMUNICATION 578 Architectural Graphics 579 Architectural Drawings 579 Three-Dimensional Drawings 592 DIGITAL MEDIA FOR DESIGN COMMUNICATION 599 Photography 600 Videos 600 MODELS AS DESIGN COMMUNICATION 600 Conceptual Models 601 Study Models 601 Presentation Models 601 Building the Model 601 MATERIALS, TECHNIQUES, AND REPRODUCTION 604 Drawing Papers and Boards 604 Drawing and Lettering Aids 604 Blueprints and Photographic Reproduction 604 ORAL AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATION 604 Oral Dialogue 604 Written Communication 605 COMPUTERS IN INTERIOR DESIGN 606 Computer Digital Manipulation 606 Databases and Spreadsheets 606 Word Processing 607 PUTTING THE PRESENTATION TOGETHER 607 FOR FURTHER READING 608 19 The Professional Practice of Interior Design—Business and Management 609 INTERIOR DESIGN AS A BUSINESS 609 Residential and Nonresidential Practice 609 Specialization 610 Types of Services Offered 610 Entering the Business World 610 BUSINESS OPERATIONS 611 Types of Business Organizations 611 Operational Goals and Objectives 612 Marketing, Public Relations, Ethics 616 Business Consultants 616 Fees and Compensation 617 Contractual Agreements 617 Bookkeeping and Accounting 620 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 620 Design Teams and Staff Organization 622 Project Consultants and Resources 623 The Client’s Budget and Costs 624 Project Scheduling 624 Professionalism and Regulation in Interior Design 632 FOR FURTHER READING 632 Glossary 633 Index 645 One of the first introductory surveys for interior design that reflected the growing professionalism of the discipline, Designing Interiors became an instant success when published in 1992. This standard bearer, used by a generation of interior designers, is finally available in a Second Edition. Updated to reflect changes in the profession and crucial issues that have gained prominence, Designing Interiors, Second Edition now includes new information throughout on sustainability and green design, building codes, universal design, and building information modeling. The history section has also been expanded with additional coverage of non-Western design. Sporting a dynamic, new graphic design and full color illustrations throughout, Designing Interiors, Second Edition is as much a pleasure to read as it is a font of the relevant information that all designers must know. And ready for the next generation of designers.

After its publication in 1992, Designing Interiors became a hugely successful reference tool and designing textbook. In Designing Interiors, Second Edition, updates on trends in sustainability and green design, building codes, universal design, and building information models amplify the already invaluable interior design tricks of trade. Design professors Rosemary and Otie Kilmer provide a fuller design history that incorporates non-Western design and dynamic color illustrations that flesh out technical concepts.