Decentralized Systems and Distributed Computing

This book provides a comprehensive exploration of next-generation internet, distributed systems, and distributed computing, offering valuable insights into their impact on society and the future of technology. The use of distributed systems is a big step forward in IT and computer science. As the number of tasks that depend on each other grows, a single machine can no longer handle all of them. Distributed computing is better than traditional computer settings in several ways. Distributed systems reduce the risks of a single point of failure, making them more reliable and able to handle mistakes. Most modern distributed systems are made to be scalable, which means that processing power can be added on the fly to improve performance. The internet of the future is meant to give us freedom and choices, encourage diversity and decentralization, and make it easier for people to be creative and do research. By making the internet more three-dimensional and immersive, the metaverse could introduce more ways to use it. Some people have expressed negative things about the metaverse, and there is much uncertainty regarding its future. Analysts in the field have pondered if the metaverse will differ much from our current digital experiences, and if so, whether people will be willing to spend hours per day exploring virtual space while wearing a headset. This book will look at the different aspects of the next-generation internet, distributed systems, distributed computing, and their effects on society as a whole. Cover Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Chapter 1 Introduction to Next-Generation Internet and Distributed Systems 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Traditional Network 1.3 Next-Generation Internet 1.3.1 Next-Generation Internet Protocol 1.3.1.1 IPv6 1.3.1.2 Tunneling 1.3.2 Quality of Service (QoS) 1.4 Network Middleware 1.5 Software-Defined Network (SDN) 1.5.1 Necessity of Software-Defined Network 1.6 Edge Cloud-Based Next-Generation Internet 1.6.1 Edge Cloud 1.6.2 Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) 1.7 Network Architecture 1.7.1 Some Proposed Architectures 1.7.1.1 Security Architecture for Networked Enterprises (SANE) 1.7.1.2 Swarming Architecture 1.7.1.3 Flexible Internet Architecture (FlexNGIA) 1.7.1.4 Architecture for Mobility Support 1.7.1.5 The Data-Oriented Network Architecture (DONA) 1.7.1.6 MILSA (Mobility and Multihoming Supporting Identifier-Locator Split Architecture) 1.7.1.7 Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTN) and Related Architectures 1.7.2 Challenges for Architecture 1.7.2.1 Network Services 1.7.2.2 Network Management 1.7.2.3 Network Performance 1.7.2.4 Diversity and Change 1.8 Security and Safety 1.9 Distributed Systems 1.9.1 Concept of Distributed System 1.9.2 Terminologies 1.9.2.1 Grouping of Autonomous Computer Components 1.9.2.2 Single Coherent System 1.10 Distributed System Design 1.10.1 Significance of a Certain Design 1.10.2 Scale and Scalability 1.10.2.1 Definition of Scale 1.10.2.2 Scalability Analysis 1.11 Distributed System Monitoring 1.11.1 Idea of Monitoring System 1.12 Security in Distributed Systems 1.12.1 Reasons for Not Using Encryption 1.12.2 Authorization 1.13 Blockchain and Distributed Systems 1.13.1 Decentralization 1.13.2 Peer-to-Peer Networks (P2P) 1.14 Blockchain-Based Distributed Control Systems 1.14.1 Control System 1.14.1.1 To Handle Complicated Processes 1.14.1.2 Pre-Defined Function Blocks 1.14.1.3 Scalable Platform 1.15 Blockchain for Distributed System Security 1.15.1 Fault-Tolerant Consensus in a Distributed System 1.15.2 Complications while Using Blockchain for Distributed Computing 1.16 Conclusion and Future Scope References Chapter 2 Decentralized System in Education and Research 2.1 Introduction 2.2 History of Decentralization in the Education System 2.3 Advantages and Challenges of Decentralization of the Education System 2.3.1 Advantages 2.3.2 Challenges 2.4 Impact of Decentralization in Education and Research 2.5 Current Approaches 2.5.1 World Scenario 2.5.1.1 Finland Education System 2.5.1.2 Brazil, Federal Universities 2.5.1.3 The United States, National Science Foundation 2.5.1.4 Mexico, CONACYT 2.5.2 Indian Scenario 2.5.2.1 Kerala Model of Decentralization Implementation in Education and Research 2.6 Development Trend Towards Education and Research 2.7 Future Scope and Recommendations 2.8 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Architecture of Blockchain-Enabled Decentralized Systems 3.1 Introduction 3.2 What is a Decentralized System? 3.2.1 Centralized System vs. Decentralized System 3.2.2 Merits and Demerits of a Decentralized System 3.3 Blockchain 3.3.1 What is Blockchain? 3.3.2 Structure of Blockchain 3.3.3 Requirements of Blockchain 3.3.4 Merits and Demerits of Blockchain 3.4 Smart Contracts and Its Examples 3.5 Blockchain-Enabled Decentralized System 3.5.1 Role of Blockchain 3.5.2 Types of Decentralization in Blockchain 3.5.3 Types of Blockchain Architecture 3.5.4 Requirements 3.5.5 Pros and Cons 3.6 Architecture for the Blockchain-Enabled Decentralized System 3.6.1 The Network 3.6.2 The Consensus Protocol 3.6.3 The Data Structure 3.7 Decentralized Todo App with Blockchain 3.8 Blockchain-Enabled Decentralized System Development and Challenges 3.9 Future of the Blockchain-Enabled Decentralized System 3.10 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Mobile Edge Computing for Decentralized Systems 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Edge Computing 4.3 Benefits of Edge Computing 4.4 Classification of Attacks in a 5G IoT System 4.5 Decentralized Dynamic Computation Offloading Method 4.6 Conclusion References Chapter 5 Blockchain in Education 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Benefits of Blockchain in Education 5.2.1 Blockchain Can Enhance Learner Data Privacy and Security, Allowing Learners to Maintain Control Over Their Personal Information 5.2.2 Blockchain Can Enable Lifelong Learning Tracking, Creating a Comprehensive and Immutable Record of a Learner’s Achievements and Skills 5.2.2.1 Blockchain as a Distributed and Immutable Record-Keeping System 5.2.2.2 Benefits of Blockchain-Enabled Lifelong Learning Tracking 5.3 Challenges of Blockchain in Education 5.3.1 Concerns Related to Data Privacy, Security, and Compliance with Data Protection Regulations 5.3.1.1 Data Privacy Concerns 5.3.1.2 Compliance with Data Protection Regulations 5.3.1.3 Security Concerns 5.3.1.4 Collaboration with Industry Experts and Auditors 5.3.2 Potential Resistance to Change and Adoption Barriers in the Education Sector 5.4 Use Cases of Blockchain in Education 5.5 Conclusion References Chapter 6 Pattern Recognition Applications in Distributed Systems and Distributed Machine Learning 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 What is Pattern Recognition? 6.1.2 Distributed Computing Environment 6.1.3 Basic Model of the Pattern Recognition System 6.2 Data Generation and Preprocessing 6.3 Feature Selection 6.3.1 What is Feature Selection? 6.3.2 Filter Models of Feature Selection 6.3.3 Wrapper Models of Feature Selection 6.4 Design of Classifier 6.4.1 Conventional Classifiers in Distributed Environment 6.4.2 Neural Network Classifiers in a Distributed Environment 6.5 Designing Machine Learning Models for Distributed Environment 6.6 Role of Distributed Computing in Pattern Recognition 6.7 Conclusion References Chapter 7 Next-Generation Distributed Computing for Cancer Detection 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Research Motivation 7.3 Cancer Statistics 7.4 Modern Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Methods 7.5 Methodology 7.6 Technical Challenges 7.7 Future Directions 7.8 Conclusion References Chapter 8 Benefits and Challenges of Decentralization in Education for Resource Optimization and Improved Performance 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Decentralized Systems in Education and Research 8.1.2 Connect Between Democracy and Education 8.2 The Centralization and Decentralization Concepts 8.3 Decentralized Systems in Education and Research: Policies and Practices 8.3.1 Open Educational Resources (OER) Policy 8.3.2 Collaborative Research Networks 8.3.3 Self-Directed Learning 8.3.4 Peer Review 8.3.5 Open Data 8.3.6 Equity and Inclusion 8.3.7 Quality Assurance 8.4 Building Capacity Across and Between Levels Within Education Systems 8.5 Developing Accountability Measures and Systems in Implementing a Decentralized Education Policy 8.5.1 Establish Clear and Quantifiable Policy Objectives 8.5.2 Create Performance Indicators and Benchmarks 8.5.3 Assign Roles and Responsibilities 8.5.4 Build Effective Monitoring and Evaluation Systems 8.5.5 Encourage Transparency and Involvement 8.5.6 Establish Redressal Mechanisms 8.6 Developing Local-Level Capacity Across All Education System Levels and Sectors 8.7 Education Policies in India to Achieve Decentralization in Education Systems 8.7.1 National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 8.7.2 Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) 8.7.3 RUSA (Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan) 8.8 Research and Development Policies in India and Promoting Decentralization in R&D 8.8.1 Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) 8.8.2 The National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations (NIDHI) 8.8.3 National Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (STI) 2020 8.8.4 Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) 8.8.5 Department of Science and Technology (DST) References Chapter 9 Blockchain in Data Security and Transparency in Business Transactions 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Dimensions and Requirements of Data Security 9.3 Security Issues in Conventional Data Security 9.4 Diversity of Attacks in Conventional Data Security 9.5 Blockchain: The Complete Solution 9.6 The Decentralized and Immutable Approach 9.7 Comparison of ECC and RSA 9.8 Digital Signature Algorithm 9.9 Blockchain Technology Ensures Transparency 9.10 Blockchain Solutions for Traditional Data Security 9.11 Blockchain Types 9.12 Conclusion References Chapter 10 A Comparative Study of Ad Hoc and Wireless Sensor Networks 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Ad Hoc Network 10.2.1 Ad Hoc Network Types 10.2.2 Ad Hoc Routing Protocol 10.2.3 Ad Hoc Security Attack 10.3 Wireless Sensor and Network 10.3.1 Types of Wireless Network 10.3.2 Mobility in WSN 10.3.3 Routing Protocol 10.4 Challenges, Applications, and Limitations 10.5 Conclusion References Chapter 11 Content Filtering-Based Movie Recommendation System Using Deep Learning 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Related Work 11.2.1 “Collaborative Filtering for Movie Recommendations” by George Karypis et al. (2001) 11.2.2 “Item-Based Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithms” by Badrul Sarwar et al. (2001) 11.2.3 “Netflix Prize” by Netflix (2006) 11.2.4 “Collaborative Filtering Recommender Systems” by Robin Burke (2007) 11.2.5 “Movie Recommendation Using Personal Preferences” by Alok Singh et al. (2012) 11.2.6 “A Comparative Study of Collaborative Filtering Algorithms for Movie Recommendation” by Gopal Krishna Shyam et al. (2015) 11.2.7 “Movie Recommendation System Using Collaborative Filtering Algorithm” by Shashank Gupta et al. (2016) 11.2.8 “Movie Recommendation System Using K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm” by L. Dhivya et al. (2017) 11.2.9 “Movie Recommendation System Based on User’s Personal Preferences” by Bhavesh Parikh et al. (2018) 11.2.10 “A Review of Movie Recommendation Systems” by Muhammad Usman et al. (2020) 11.3 Method and Material 11.4 Experiments and Results 11.4.1 Data Pre-Processing 11.4.2 Evaluation Metrics 11.4.3 Recommendation Generation 11.4.4 Results 11.4.5 Comparison with Previous Works 11.5 Possible Extension of Proposed Model into Distributed Environment 11.6 Conclusion References Chapter 12 Mobile Edge Computing: A Paradigm Shift in Computing 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Why is MEC Important? 12.3 Background 12.4 Characteristics 12.5 Reference Architecture 12.6 Mobile Edge Computing Key Enablers 12.7 Advantages of Mobile Edge Computing 12.8 Potential Research Directions 12.9 Challenges and Issues 12.10 Conclusion References Chapter 13 Descriptive Analysis of the Potential of 5G Technologies in Empowering Decentralized Systems 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Evolution of 5G Networks 13.1.2 Generations of 5G 13.1.3 Phases of 5G 13.2 Building 5G Network 13.3 Blockchain on 5G Networks 13.4 Real-World Impact of 5G 13.4.1 Impact on Business 13.4.1.1 Impact on Business After and Before 5G 13.4.2 Impact on Infrastructure 13.4.3 Impact on Humans as Well as on Nature by the 5G Network 13.4.3.1 Impact on Humans 13.4.3.2 Impact on Nature 13.5 Future of 5G 13.6 Limitations References Chapter 14 Merging Blockchain and Deep Learning for Authentication and Security Architectures 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Motivation and Structure 14.2 Merger of Blockchain and DL 14.2.1 Limitations of DL and Blockchain 14.2.1.1 Limited Utility of Blockchain Nodes 14.2.1.2 High Dependency on Energy 14.2.1.3 Providing Guarantee 14.2.1.4 Computational Scalability 14.2.1.5 Neural Networks 14.2.1.6 DL Classification Framework 14.3 Application of Blockchain-Based DL Models 14.3.1 Smart Contract-Based Security Analysis 14.3.2 Cybersecurity 14.3.3 Healthcare Sector 14.3.4 Cloud Storage 14.3.5 Banking and FinTech Segments 14.3.6 IoT in Data Analytics 14.3.7 Internet of Vehicles (IoV) 14.3.8 Law Enforcement and Associated Things 14.4 Study of Existing Integrated Models 14.4.1 Arrhythmia Classification 14.4.2 Blockchain-Based DL Model in IoT 14.4.3 Currency Supervision 14.4.4 Ovarian Cancer Detection 14.5 Challenges and Issues 14.6 Conclusion References Chapter 15 5G Embedded Decentralized Systems for Secure and Efficient Data Sharing 15.1 Overview of Decentralized Systems 15.1.1 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network 15.1.2 Distributed Databases 15.1.3 Blockchain 15.2 5G Technology 15.2.1 Key Futures of 5G Technology 15.2.2 5G Architecture 15.2.3 5G Advantages Over Previous Generations 15.3 5G for Decentralized Systems 15.3.1 Scalability 15.3.2 Security 15.3.3 Interoperability 15.3.4 Internet of Things (IoT) 15.3.5 Low Latency 15.3.6 Edge Computing 15.4 Use Cases and Applications 15.4.1 Current Use Case 15.4.2 Future Use Case 15.5 Challenges and Opportunities 15.6 Conclusion References Chapter 16 Artificial Intelligence in a Distributed System of the Future 16.1 Introduction 16.2 AI in the Industrial Sector 16.2.1 Applications 16.2.2 AI in the United States 16.2.3 AI in India 16.3 AI in the Economic Sector 16.3.1 Applications 16.4 Environment Sector 16.5 Robotics Skill 16.5.1 Applications 16.6 Interaction Between the Human and the Machine 16.6.1 Applications 16.7 Recent Projects in AI 16.8 Terminologies Regarding AI for the Next Generation 16.9 Real-Time Project and Future Implementation 16.10 Conclusion References Chapter 17 The Metaverse and Mental Health: The Future 17.1 Introduction 17.2 How Has Technology and the Internet Already Impacted Mental Health? 17.2.1 These Concerns May Be Exacerbated by the Metaverse 17.3 Importance of Researching the Metaverse’s Effects on Mental Health 17.4 Potential Positive Mental Health Effects of the Metaverse 17.4.1 Access to Virtual Mental Health Services 17.4.2 Reduction of Stigma Surrounding Health 17.4.3 Opportunities for Social Connection and Support 17.4.4 The Potential for Immersive Therapy 17.5 Possible Detrimental Effects of the Metaverse on Mental Health 17.5.1 Risk of Addiction and Compulsive Behavior 17.5.2 Impact on Physical Health 17.5.3 Concerns Regarding the Morality of Data Privacy and Mental Health Diagnoses 17.6 Considerations for Designing the Metaverse with Mental Health in Mind 17.7 The Future of Mental Health and Metaverse 17.7.1 Innovation and Advancement Opportunities in Mental Health Care 17.7.2 Challenges and Potential Pitfalls to Consider 17.7.3 The Influence of Interdisciplinarity on the Development of Mental Health and the Metaverse 17.8 Conclusion References Chapter 18 Decentralization in Education Governance: A Case Study of India 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Central Organizations 18.3 Decentralized Systems 18.3.1 Features of a Decentralized System 18.3.2 Architecture of a Decentralized System 18.4 Distributed Systems 18.4.1 Features of a Distributed System 18.4.2 The Architecture of a Distributed System 18.4.3 Limitations of a Distributed System 18.4.4 Difference Between a Centralized Database and a Distributed Database 18.5 Use of a Distributed Database in the Education System 18.5.1 Functions of a Distributed Database System 18.6 Decentralized Education and Contemporary Solution 18.6.1 Rebuilding Education through Decentralization 18.6.2 Education Scenario in India 18.6.3 Education Tools 18.7 Conclusion References Index Also of Interest EULA