خلاقیت در مهندسی: راه‌حل‌های نوین برای مسائل پیچیده (کاوش‌هایی در پژوهش خلاقیت)

Creativity is like an iceberg - the resulting new idea, or novel solution is only 10% of the effort. The other 90% is the complex interplay of thinking skills and strategies, personal and motivational properties that activate these skills and strategies, and the social and organizational factors of the environment that influence the creative process. Creativity in Engineering focuses on the Process, Person, Product, and Place to understand when and why creativity happens in the engineering environment and how it can be further encouraged. Special Features: Applies findings in creativity research to the engineering arena Defines engineering creativity and differentiates it from innovation Discusses personality and motivational factors that impact creativity Clarifies the role of creativity in the design process Details the impact of thinking skills and strategies in creativity Identifies the role the organization and environment plays in encouraging creativity Discusses the 4P's of Creativity: Person, Product, Process, and Place Provides tactics and tools that will help users foster creativity in engineering environments Identifies how creativity results in innovative new solutions to problems Applies creativity research and knowledge to the engineering space Front Cover......Page 1 Creativity in Engineering......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Dedication......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 List of Figures......Page 12 List of Tables......Page 14 Foreword......Page 16 Why is This Book Different?......Page 18 Outline of Chapters......Page 19 Acknowledgments......Page 21 The Sputnik Shock......Page 24 The Link between Creativity and Engineering......Page 28 What is Creativity?......Page 29 The Definition of Creativity......Page 30 The Four Ps of Creativity......Page 31 The Fifth P......Page 32 Summary......Page 34 The Economics of Creativity......Page 36 Engineering and Engineers......Page 38 Change......Page 39 The Need for Creativity......Page 42 Creative Engineering Problem Solving......Page 45 The Oil Crisis of 1973......Page 47 Oil Crisis—Solution Pathways......Page 48 Oil Crisis—Technology Push and Market Pull......Page 49 Case Study: Creativity and Innovation in Aerospace......Page 50 Problem Solving and Creativity......Page 58 Knowledge and Problem Solving......Page 59 Problem Recognition......Page 60 Finding Good Problems......Page 61 Problem Awareness......Page 62 Idea Generation......Page 63 Idea Evaluation......Page 64 Solution Validation......Page 65 General Models of Creative Problem Solving......Page 66 Other Models of Problem Solving......Page 68 The Extended Phase Model......Page 70 Engineering Problem Solving: Design......Page 72 Engineering Design as Creativity......Page 73 Engineering Divergent Thinking......Page 76 Constraints and Design......Page 77 Freedom versus Constraint......Page 78 Engineering Models of Design......Page 79 4 Product: The Creativity of Things......Page 86 What are Products?......Page 87 External Indicators of Creative Products......Page 88 The Fundamental Criteria of the Creativity of Products......Page 89 Further Criteria of the Creativity of Products......Page 90 The Hierarchical Organization of Creative Products......Page 91 Situation versus Domain Relevance of Creative Products......Page 93 Product Creativity as a System......Page 94 Latent Functional Creativity......Page 96 Measuring the Creativity of Products......Page 97 Consensual Assessment......Page 98 Rating Scales......Page 99 The Creative Solution Diagnosis Scale (CSDS)......Page 101 Summary......Page 108 5 Process: Generating Creative Ideas......Page 110 Effortless Creativity......Page 111 Blind Combinations......Page 112 Luck......Page 113 Intuition......Page 114 Generating Variability......Page 115 Divergent Thinking......Page 116 Other Concepts of Novelty-Generating Thinking......Page 117 Constructing Remote Associates......Page 119 Building Unusual Categories......Page 121 Building Broad Networks......Page 122 Accommodating Rather than Assimilating......Page 123 Using Creativity-Facilitating Cognitive Styles......Page 124 Meta-Cognition......Page 126 Avoiding the Wrong Approach Barrier......Page 127 Measuring Divergent Thinking......Page 128 Scoring Divergent-Thinking Tests......Page 130 A Creativity Quotient?......Page 132 Other Tests of Creative Thinking......Page 133 The Test of Creative Thinking—Drawing Production......Page 135 Tests Based on Problem Solving......Page 136 The Prepared Mind......Page 139 The Problem of Too Much Knowledge......Page 140 The Unprepared Mind......Page 142 Knowledge and Creativity......Page 143 Knowledge as the Source of Ideas......Page 144 Knowledge Defines What is Creative......Page 145 Generating and Exploring Variability......Page 146 Prerequisite Models......Page 148 The Super-Ordinate Ability Approach......Page 149 Style Models......Page 150 Summary......Page 152 6 Person: The Who of Creativity......Page 154 The Search for the Creative Personality......Page 155 Thought Disorders......Page 156 Mood Disorders......Page 157 The Line between Normal and Abnormal......Page 159 Studying Personality and Creativity: Methods......Page 160 Case Studies......Page 161 Occupational Creativity......Page 162 Studying Creativity and Personality: Results......Page 163 Personality-Facilitating Traits......Page 164 Openness......Page 165 Motivation......Page 166 Intrinsic Motivation......Page 168 Preference for Complexity......Page 170 Feelings and Emotions in Creativity......Page 171 The Dynamics of Personality and Creativity......Page 172 A Cause-and-Effect Relationship?......Page 173 Personality as a Compelling Cause......Page 174 The Common Source Explanation......Page 175 The Paradoxical Personality......Page 176 A Dynamic System......Page 177 Diagnosing the Creativity of People......Page 178 Psychological Dimensions of Creative Potential......Page 179 Personality and Potential......Page 180 Activity and Productivity......Page 182 Attitude and Potential......Page 184 Multifaceted Approaches to Diagnosing Creativity......Page 186 Using Assessment of Personal Creativity......Page 187 Summary......Page 190 7 Press: Creativity and the Role of the Environment......Page 192 The Social Environment......Page 193 A Social Approach to Creativity......Page 194 Ethical Aspects of Creativity......Page 195 The Social Definition of What is Creative......Page 197 The Problem of Changing Standards......Page 198 The Social Definition of Who is Creative......Page 199 The Effect of the Amount of Creativity......Page 200 The Effect of Kind of Creativity......Page 201 The Social Influence on the Content of Creative Behavior......Page 203 Motivation: The Social Nature of the Creative Impulse......Page 205 Social Motivation and Creativity......Page 206 Society, the Individual, and Creativity as a System......Page 207 Social Mechanisms that Encourage or Discourage Creativity......Page 210 Socially Assigned Roles and Creativity......Page 214 The Problem of Facing Organizations......Page 216 Organizations as the Site of Creativity......Page 218 A Broad Understanding of “Organization”......Page 219 The Congenial Environment......Page 220 Assisters and Resisters......Page 222 Institutional Climate......Page 223 Creativity and Gender......Page 224 Stereotypes of “Male” and “Female”......Page 225 The Paradoxical Personality Revisited......Page 228 Groups and Creativity......Page 230 Downstream Consequences......Page 232 Tests of Organizational Conditions......Page 233 Summary......Page 238 8 Innovation: Exploiting Creativity......Page 240 Defining Innovation......Page 241 Understanding Innovation......Page 243 The Innovation Phase Assessment Instrument (IPAI)......Page 244 Summary......Page 249 9 Creativity Training......Page 250 Can Creativity Be Taught?......Page 251 The Effectiveness of Creativity Training......Page 252 The Effect of Creativity Training......Page 254 Why Do We Need to Teach Creativity?......Page 255 What Abilities Need to Be Trained?......Page 256 Developing the Creativity Habit......Page 257 Domain-Specificity and Creativity Training......Page 259 Creativity in Different Domains......Page 260 General Approaches to Creativity Training......Page 261 Fostering Creativity in Individual People......Page 262 Inculcating What Was Not Previously There......Page 264 Eliminating Blockers......Page 265 Specific Creativity-Facilitating Techniques......Page 267 Creativity Tools......Page 269 Formal Training Programs......Page 275 Popular Training Programs......Page 277 10 Embedding Creativity in Engineering Education......Page 280 The Problem......Page 281 Stakeholder Perspectives......Page 283 The Overspecialization Problem......Page 285 The Pseudo-Expertise Problem......Page 286 The Lack of Knowledge Problem......Page 288 Benefits of Creativity in Education......Page 290 Fixing the Problem......Page 291 General Principles......Page 293 Curriculum Objectives......Page 296 Levels of Understanding......Page 298 Model Syllabus......Page 300 Curriculum Implementation......Page 301 Teaching Plan......Page 302 Assessment Guide......Page 309 Assignment A—Plank Exercise (10%)......Page 310 Assignment B—Egg Exercise (15%)......Page 312 Assignment D—Project Exercise (60%)......Page 313 Summary......Page 314 Concluding Remarks......Page 315 References......Page 318 Index......Page 338

Creativity in Engineering: Novel Solutions to Complex Problems focuses on creativity research, including what we know about those who are creative, what products are creative, the best processes for fostering creativity, and the ways the best environments for creativity can be applied to the engineering realm.

The book provides practical advice for fostering creativity in the inception of new products, product design, and in generating novel, effective, and practical solutions to technological problems.

The text defines what creativity is, and isn’t, in applied settings, also discussing the role it plays in the future of technological advancement.

• Discusses the 4P's of Creativity: Person, Product, Process, and Place
• Provides tactics and tools that will help users foster creativity in engineering environments
• Identifies how creativity results in innovative new solutions to problems
• Applies creativity research and knowledge to the engineering space

Creativity is like an iceberg - the resulting new idea, or novel solution is only 10% of the effort. The other 90% is the complex interplay of thinking skills and strategies, personal and motivational properties that activate these skills and strategies, and the social and organizational factors of the environment that influence the creative process. **__Creativity in Engineering__** focuses on the Process, Person, Product, and Place to understand when and why creativity happens in the engineering environment and how it can be further encouraged. * Applies findings in creativity research to the engineering arena * Defines engineering creativity and differentiates it from innovation * Discusses personality and motivational factors that impact creativity * Clarifies the role of creativity in the design process * Details the impact of thinking skills and strategies in creativity * Identifies the role the organization and environment plays in encouraging creativity