Classic and High-Enthalpy Hypersonic Flows

Classic and High-Enthalpy Hypersonic Flows presents a complete look at high-enthalpy hypersonic flow from a review of classic theories to a discussion of future advances centering around the Born-Oppenheim approximation, potential energy surface, and critical point for transition. The state-of-the-art hypersonic flows are defined by a seamless integration of the classic gas dynamic kinetics with nonequilibrium chemical kinetics, quantum transitions, and radiative heat transfer. The book is intended for graduate students studying advanced aerodynamics and taking courses in hypersonic flow. It can also serve as a professional reference for practicing aerospace and mechanical engineers of high-speed aerospace vehicles and propulsion system research, design, and evaluation.Features Presents a comprehensive review of classic hypersonic flow from the Newtonian theory to blast wave analogue. Introduces nonequilibrium chemical kinetics to gas dynamics for hypersonic flows in the high-enthalpy state. Integrates quantum mechanics to high-enthalpy hypersonic flows including dissociation and ionization. Covers the complete heat transfer process with radiative energy transfer for thermal protection of earth reentry vehicle. Develops and verifies the interdisciplinary governing equations for understanding and analyzing realistic hypersonic flows. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgement Author Section 1 Classic Hypersonic Flow Theories Chapter 1 Unique Features of Hypersonic Flow Fields 1.1 General Remarks 1.2 Free Molecule, Rarified, and Continuum Gas Domains 1.3 Mean Free Path 1.4 Knudsen Number 1.5 Nonequilibrium Chemical Reactions 1.6 Transport Properties 1.7 Internal Degree of Freedom 1.8 Equation of State Chapter 2 Aerodynamic Governing Equations 2.1 Boltzmann Equation 2.2 Binary Elastic Collision 2.3 Dynamic Equilibrium State 2.4 Maxwell Distribution Function 2.5 Maxwell Transfer and Euler Equations 2.6 Dynamic Nonequilibrium State 2.7 Navier-Stokes Equation Chapter 3 Inviscid Hypersonic Flows 3.1 Scope of Inviscid Flow Domain 3.2 Hypersonic Similitudes 3.3 Newtonian Flow Theory 3.4 Rankine-Hugonoit Relation 3.5 Stand-Off Distance 3.6 Mach Number Independent Principle 3.7 Tangent-Wedge and Tangent-Cone Approximations 3.8 Equivalence Principle or Law of Plane Cross Section 3.9 Blast Wave Theory Chapter 4 Hypersonic Viscous Flows 4.1 Compressible Boundary-Layer Formulation 4.2 Self-Similar Solutions 4.3 Similarity Numbers and Parameters 4.4 Stagnation-Point Heat Transfer 4.5 Laminar-Turbulent Transition 4.6 Turbulent Flow Structure 4.7 Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layer 4.8 Direct Turbulence Numerical Simulation 4.9 Vorticity and Velocity Formulations Chapter 5 Viscous-Inviscid Interaction 5.1 Computational Simulations 5.2 Leading Edge Mach Wave Interaction 5.3 Vorticity Interaction 5.4 Shock-Boundary-Layer Interaction 5.5 Three-Dimensional Corner Flows 5.6 Resonance and Bifurcation Section 2 High-Enthalpy Hypersonic Flow Chapter 6 Quantum Transition 6.1 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 6.2 Quantum States of an Atom 6.3 Quantum States of a Molecule 6.4 Schrödinger Equation 6.5 Relaxation of Quantum Transition 6.6 Conservation Equations with Quantum Transition 6.7 Quantum Jumps Modeling 6.8 Validating by Flight Data Chapter 7 Statistical Thermodynamics 7.1 Microscopic State of the Gas Mixture 7.2 Thermodynamic Equilibrium State 7.3 Internal Degrees of Freedom 7.4 Partition Functions 7.5 Thermodynamic Properties in an Equilibrium State 7.6 Factorization of Partition Functions 7.7 Energy Distribution of Internal Degrees of Freedom Chapter 8 Nonequilibrium Chemical Reactions 8.1 Law of Mass Action 8.2 Condition of Equilibrium Chemical Reaction 8.3 Coupling Chemical Kinetic with Aerodynamics 8.4 Master Equation for Probability Formulation 8.5 Ab Initio, the First-Principal Approach 8.6 Potential Energy Surface and Critical Point of Transition Chapter 9 Transport Property of Multi-Species Gas 9.1 Coefficients of Transport Properties 9.2 Intermolecular Forces 9.3 Collision Cross Section 9.4 Collision Integral 9.5 Transport Properties of the Gas Mixture 9.6 Ablation Chapter 10 Dissociation and Ionized Gas Components 10.1 Dissociation and Ionization Processes 10.2 Lighthill and Saha Equations 10.3 Ionization Mechanisms 10.4 Dynamic Motion of Charged Particles 10.5 Plasma Actuators 10.6 Hall Current 10.7 Joule Heating Chapter 11 Radiative Heat Transfer 11.1 Fundamental of Radiation 11.2 Classical Theories 11.3 Radiation Rate Equation 11.4 Multi-Flux Methods 11.5 Multi-Spectral Group Approximation 11.6 Ray-Tracing Technique 11.7 Monte Carlo Simulation Chapter 12 Multi-Disciplinary Governing Equations 12.1 Magnetohydrodynamics Equations 12.2 Hypersonic Flow in an Applied Magnetic Field 12.3 Conservation Equations for High-Enthalpy Hypersonic Flow 12.4 Numerical Algorithm 12.5 Earth Reentry Simulations 12.6 Mechanisms of Scramjet 12.7 Electromagnetic Thruster Index "Classic and High-Enthalpy Hypersonic Flows presents a complete look at high-enthalpy hypersonic flow from a review of classic theories to a discussion of future advances centering around the Born-Oppenheim approximation, potential energy surface, and critical point for transition. The state-of-the art hypersonic flows are defined by a seamless integration of the classic gas dynamic kinetics with nonequilibrium chemical kinetics, quantum transitions, and radiative heat transfer. The book is intended for graduate students studying advanced aerodynamics and taking courses in hypersonic flow. It can also serve as a professional reference for practicing aerospace and mechanical engineers of high-speed aerospace vehicles and propulsion system research, design, and evaluation. It presents a comprehensive review of classic hypersonic flow from the Newtonian theory to blast wave analogue. Introduces nonequilibrium chemical kinetics to gas dynamics for hypersonic flows in the high-enthalpy state. Integrates quantum mechanics to high-enthalpy hypersonic flows including dissociation and ionization. Covers the complete heat transfer process with radiative energy transfer for thermal protection of earth reentry vehicle. Develops and verifies the interdisciplinary governing equations for understanding and analyzing realistic hypersonic flows"-- Provided by publisher