C# Programming Language (Covering C# 4.0), The (4th Edition) (Microsoft .NET Development Series)

“Based on my own experience, I can safely say that every .NET developer who reads this will have at least one ‘aha’ moment and will be a better developer for it.” –From the Foreword by Don Box The popular C# programming language combines the high productivity of rapid application development languages with the raw power of C and C++. Updated to cover the new features of C# 4.0, including dynamic binding, named and optional parameters, and covariant and contravariant generic types, this release takes the language to the next level by adding the ability to cleanly write programs that don’t rely on static type definitions. This allows dynamic programming languages such as Python, Ruby, and JavaScript to feel native to C#. The C# Programming Language, Fourth Edition, continues to be the authoritative and annotated technical reference for C# 4.0. Written by Anders Hejlsberg, the language’s architect, and his colleagues, Mads Torgersen, Scott Wiltamuth, and Peter Golde, this volume has been completely updated for C# 4.0. The book provides the complete specification of the language, along with descriptions, reference materials, code samples, and annotations from twelve prominent C# gurus. The many annotations bring a depth and breadth of understanding rarely found in any programming book. As the main text of the book introduces the concepts of the C# language, cogent annotations explain why they are important, how they are used, how they relate to other languages, and even how they evolved. This book is the definitive, must-have reference for any developer who wants to understand C#. With annotations from: Brad Abrams, Joseph Albahari, Krzysztof Cwalina, Jesse Liberty, Eric Lippert, Christian Nagel, Vladimir Reshetnikov, Marek Safar, Chris Sells, Peter Sestoft, Jon Skeet, and Bill Wagner. Addison-Wesley Professional 2010 Contents 5 Foreword 11 Preface 13 About the Authors 15 About the Annotators 17 1 Introduction 19 1.1 Hello, World 21 1.2 Program Structure 22 1.3 Types and Variables 24 1.4 Expressions 31 1.5 Statements 34 1.6 Classes and Objects 39 1.7 Structs 68 1.8 Arrays 71 1.9 Interfaces 74 1.10 Enums 76 1.11 Delegates 78 1.12 Attributes 79 2 Lexical Structure 83 2.1 Programs 83 2.2 Grammars 83 2.3 Lexical Analysis 85 2.4 Tokens 89 2.5 Preprocessing Directives 103 3 Basic Concepts 117 3.1 Application Start-up 117 3.2 Application Termination 118 3.3 Declarations 119 3.4 Members 123 3.5 Member Access 125 3.6 Signatures and Overloading 135 3.7 Scopes 138 3.8 Namespace and Type Names 145 3.9 Automatic Memory Management 150 3.10 Execution Order 155 4 Types 157 4.1 Value Types 158 4.2 Reference Types 170 4.3 Boxing and Unboxing 173 4.4 Constructed Types 178 4.5 Type Parameters 182 4.6 Expression Tree Types 183 4.7 The dynamic Type 184 5 Variables 187 5.1 Variable Categories 187 5.2 Default Values 193 5.3 Definite Assignment 194 5.4 Variable References 210 5.5 Atomicity of Variable References 211 6 Conversions 213 6.1 Implicit Conversions 214 6.2 Explicit Conversions 222 6.3 Standard Conversions 231 6.4 User-Defined Conversions 232 6.5 Anonymous Function Conversions 237 6.6 Method Group Conversions 244 7 Expressions 249 7.1 Expression Classifications 249 7.2 Static and Dynamic Binding 252 7.3 Operators 256 7.4 Member Lookup 265 7.5 Function Members 268 7.6 Primary Expressions 296 7.7 Unary Operators 344 7.8 Arithmetic Operators 349 7.9 Shift Operators 361 7.10 Relational and Type-Testing Operators 362 7.11 Logical Operators 373 7.12 Conditional Logical Operators 376 7.13 The Null Coalescing Operator 378 7.14 Conditional Operator 379 7.15 Anonymous Function Expressions 382 7.16 Query Expressions 391 7.17 Assignment Operators 407 7.18 Expression 413 7.19 Constant Expressions 413 7.20 Boolean Expressions 415 8 Statements 417 8.1 End Points and Reachability 418 8.2 Blocks 420 8.3 The Empty Statement 422 8.4 Labeled Statements 424 8.5 Declaration Statements 425 8.6 Expression Statements 430 8.7 Selection Statements 431 8.8 Iteration Statements 438 8.9 Jump Statements 447 8.10 The try Statement 456 8.11 The checked and unchecked Statements 461 8.12 The lock Statement 461 8.13 The using Statement 463 8.14 The yield Statement 467 9 Namespaces 471 9.1 Compilation Units 471 9.2 Namespace Declarations 472 9.3 Extern Aliases 474 9.4 Using Directives 475 9.5 Namespace Members 481 9.6 Type Declarations 482 9.7 Namespace Alias Qualifiers 482 10 Classes 485 10.1 Class Declarations 485 10.2 Partial Types 499 10.3 Class Members 508 10.4 Constants 524 10.5 Fields 527 10.6 Methods 538 10.7 Properties 563 10.8 Events 577 10.9 Indexers 584 10.10 Operators 589 10.11 Instance Constructors 597 10.12 Static Constructors 604 10.13 Destructors 607 10.14 Iterators 610 11 Structs 625 11.1 Struct Declarations 626 11.2 Struct Members 627 11.3 Class and Struct Differences 628 11.4 Struct Examples 637 12 Arrays 643 12.1 Array Types 643 12.2 Array Creation 646 12.3 Array Element Access 646 12.4 Array Members 646 12.5 Array Covariance 647 12.6 Array Initializers 648 13 Interfaces 651 13.1 Interface Declarations 651 13.2 Interface Members 657 13.3 Fully Qualified Interface Member Names 663 13.4 Interface Implementations 663 14 Enums 681 14.1 Enum Declarations 681 14.2 Enum Modifiers 682 14.3 Enum Members 683 14.4 The System.Enum Type 686 14.5 Enum Values and Operations 686 15 Delegates 689 15.1 Delegate Declarations 690 15.2 Delegate Compatibility 694 15.3 Delegate Instantiation 694 15.4 Delegate Invocation 695 16 Exceptions 699 16.1 Causes of Exceptions 701 16.2 The System.Exception Class 701 16.3 How Exceptions Are Handled 702 16.4 Common Exception Classes 703 17 Attributes 705 17.1 Attribute Classes 706 17.2 Attribute Specification 710 17.3 Attribute Instances 716 17.4 Reserved Attributes 717 17.5 Attributes for Interoperation 725 18 Unsafe Code 727 18.1 Unsafe Contexts 728 18.2 Pointer Types 731 18.3 Fixed and Moveable Variables 734 18.4 Pointer Conversions 735 18.5 Pointers in Expressions 738 18.6 The fixed Statement 746 18.7 Fixed-Size Buffers 751 18.8 Stack Allocation 754 18.9 Dynamic Memory Allocation 756 A: Documentation Comments 759 A.1 Introduction 759 A.2 Recommended Tags 761 A.3 Processing the Documentation File 772 A.4 An Example 778 B: Grammar 785 B.1 Lexical Grammar 785 B.2 Syntactic Grammar 795 B.3 Grammar Extensions for Unsafe Code 827 C: References 831 Index 833 A 833 B 835 C 836 D 839 E 841 F 843 G 844 H 844 I 845 J 847 K 848 L 848 M 849 N 850 O 851 P 852 Q 854 R 855 S 856 T 858 U 859 V 860 W 861 X 862 Y 862 Z 862 0321741765,9780321741769 Based on my own experience, I can safely say that every .NET developer who reads this will have at least one aha moment and will be a better developer for it. From the Foreword by Don Box The popular C# programming language combines the high productivity of rapid application development languages with the raw power of C and C++. Updated to cover the new features of C# 4.0, including dynamic binding, named and optional parameters, and covariant and contravariant generic types, this release takes the language to the next level by adding the ability to cleanly write programs that dont rely on static type definitions. This allows dynamic programming languages such as Python, Ruby, and JavaScript to feel native to C#. The C# Programming Language, Fourth Edition, continues to be the authoritative and annotated technical reference for C# 4.0. Written by Anders Hejlsberg, the languages architect, and his colleagues, Mads Torgersen, Scott Wiltamuth, and Peter Golde, this volume has been completely updated for C# 4.0. The book provides the complete specification of the language, along with descriptions, reference materials, code samples, and annotations from twelve prominent C# gurus. The many annotations bring a depth and breadth of understanding rarely found in any programming book. As the main text of the book introduces the concepts of the C# language, cogent annotations explain why they are important, how they are used, how they relate to other languages, and even how they evolved. This book is the definitive, must-have reference for any developer who wants to understand C#. With annotations Brad Abrams, Joseph Albahari, Krzysztof Cwalina, Jesse Liberty, Eric Lippert, Christian Nagel, Vladimir Reshetnikov, Marek Safar, Chris Sells, Peter Sestoft, Jon Skeet, and Bill Wagner . The popular C# programming language combines the high productivity of rapid application development languages with the raw power of C and C++. Updated to cover the new features of C# 4.0, including dynamic binding, named and optional parameters, and covariant and contravariant generic types, this release takes the language to the next level by adding the ability to cleanly write programs that don't rely on static type definitions. This allows dynamic programming languages such as Python, Ruby, and JavaScript to feel native to C#. The C# Programming Language, Fourth Edition, continues to be the authoritative and annotated technical reference for C# 4.0. 7nbsp; Written by Anders Hejlsberg, the language's architect, and his colleagues, Mads Torgersen, Scott Wiltamuth, and Peter Golde, this volume has been completely updated for C# 4.0. The book provides the complete specification of the language, along with descriptions, reference materials, code samples, and annotations from twelve prominent C# gurus. The many annotations bring a depth and breadth of understanding rarely found in any programming book. As the main text of the book introduces the concepts of the C# language, cogent annotations explain why they are important, how they are used, how they relate to other languages, and even how they evolved. This book is the definitive, must-have reference for any developer who wants to understand C#. With annotations from: Brad Abrams, Joseph Albahari, Krzysztof Cwalina, Jesse Liberty, Eric Lippert, Christian Nagel, Vladimir Reshetnikov, Marek Safar, Chris Sells, Peter Sestoft, Jon Skeet, and Bill Wagner. "The popular C# programming language combines the high productivity of rapid application development languages with the raw power of C and C++. Updated to cover the new features of C# 4.0, including dynamic binding, named and optional parameters, and covariant and contravariant generic types, this release takes the language to the next level by adding the ability to cleanly write programs that don't rely on static type definitions. This allows dynamic programming languages such as Python, Ruby, and JavaScript to feel native to C# ... Written by Anders Hejlsberg, the language's architect, and his colleagues, Mads Torgersen, Scott Wiltamuth, and Peter Golde, this volume has been completely updated for C# 4.0. The book provides the complete specification of the language, along with descriptions, reference materials, code samples, and annotations from twelve prominent C# gurus. The many annotations bring a depth and breadth of understanding rarely found in any programming book. As the main text of the book introduces the concepts of the C# language, cogent annotations explain why they are important, how they are used, how they relate to other languages, and even how they evolved."--Provided by publisher