Analog Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessors: Real World Design (Embedded Technology Series)

Analog Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessors addresses the technologies and methods used in interfacing analog devices to microprocessors, providing in-depth coverage of practical control applications, op amp examples, and much more. A companion to the author's popular Embedded Microprocessor Systems: Real World Design, this new embedded systems book focuses on measurement and control of analog quantities in embedded systems that are required to interface to the real world. At a time when modern electronic systems are increasingly digital, a comprehensive source on interfacing the real world to microprocessors should prove invaluable to embedded systems engineers, students, technicians, and hobbyists. Anyone involved in connecting the analog environment to their digital machines, or troubleshooting such connections will find this book especially useful. Stuart Ball is also the author of Debugging Embedded Microprocessor Systems, both published by Newnes. Additionally, Stuart has written articles for periodicals such as Circuit Cellar INK, Byte, and Modern Electronics. Provides hard-to-find information on interfacing analog devices and technologies to the purely digital world of embedded microprocessors. Gives the reader the insight and perspective of a real embedded systems design engineer, including tips that only a hands-on professional would know. Covers important considerations for both hardware and software systems when linking analog and digital devices. Analog Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessors addresses the technologies and methods used in interfacing analog devices to microprocessors, providing in-depth coverage of practical control applications, op amp examples, and much more. A companion to the author's popular Embedded Microprocessor Systems: Real World Design, this new embedded systems book focuses on measurement and control of analog quantities in embedded systems that are required to interface to the real world. Contents......Page 5 Preface......Page 9 Introduction......Page 11 Dynamic Range......Page 13 Calibration......Page 14 Bandwidth......Page 17 Processor Throughput......Page 18 Avoiding Excess Speed......Page 19 Other System Considerations......Page 20 Sample Rate and Aliasing......Page 23 Digital-to-Analog Converters 2......Page 25 Analog-to-Digital Converters......Page 27 Types of ADCs......Page 29 Sample and Hold......Page 38 Real Parts......Page 41 Microprocessor Interfacing......Page 42 Serial Interfaces......Page 48 Internal Microcontroller ADCs......Page 53 Codecs......Page 54 Dual-Function Pins on Microcontrollers......Page 55 Design Checklist......Page 57 Temperature Sensors......Page 59 Optical Sensors......Page 71 CCDs......Page 84 Magnetic Sensors......Page 94 Motion/Acceleration Sensors......Page 98 Strain Gauge......Page 102 Time-Based Measurements 4......Page 105 Measuring Period versus Frequency......Page 107 Mixing......Page 109 Voltage-to-Frequency Converters......Page 111 Clock Resolution......Page 114 Negative Feedback and Control......Page 115 Microprocessor-Based Systems......Page 116 On-Off Control......Page 117 Proportional Control......Page 120 PID Control......Page 122 Motor Control......Page 135 Measuring and Analyzing Control Loops......Page 142 Solenoids......Page 149 Heaters......Page 155 Coolers......Page 160 Fans......Page 161 LEDs......Page 163 Stepper Motors......Page 173 DC Motors......Page 192 Brushless DC Motors......Page 196 Tradeoffs between Motors......Page 210 Motor Torque......Page 213 Ground Loops......Page 215 ESD......Page 220 High-Precision Applications 9......Page 225 Input Offset Voltage......Page 227 Input Resistance......Page 228 Frequency Characteristics......Page 229 Temperature Effects in Resistors......Page 230 Voltage References......Page 231 Temperature Effects in General......Page 233 Noise and Grounding......Page 234 Supply-Based References......Page 239 IEEE 1451.2......Page 241 4Ò20ma Current Loop......Page 0 Appendix A......Page 245 Appendix B......Page 257 Appendix C......Page 267 Glossary......Page 269 Index......Page 273 Contents 5 Preface 9 Introduction 11 System Design 1 13 Dynamic Range 13 Calibration 14 Bandwidth 17 Processor Throughput 18 Avoiding Excess Speed 19 Other System Considerations 20 Sample Rate and Aliasing 23 Digital-to-Analog Converters 2 25 Analog-to-Digital Converters 27 Types of ADCs 29 Sample and Hold 38 Real Parts 41 Microprocessor Interfacing 42 Serial Interfaces 48 Multichannel ADCs 53 Internal Microcontroller ADCs 53 Codecs 54 Interrupt Rate 55 Dual-Function Pins on Microcontrollers 55 Design Checklist 57 Sensors 3 59 Temperature Sensors 59 Optical Sensors 71 CCDs 84 Magnetic Sensors 94 Motion/Acceleration Sensors 98 Strain Gauge 102 Time-Based Measurements 4 105 Measuring Period versus Frequency 107 Mixing 109 Voltage-to-Frequency Converters 111 Clock Resolution 114 Output Control Methods 5 115 Open-Loop Control 115 Negative Feedback and Control 115 Microprocessor-Based Systems 116 On-Off Control 117 Proportional Control 120 PID Control 122 Motor Control 135 Measuring and Analyzing Control Loops 142 Solenoids, Relays, and 6 Other Analog Outputs 149 Solenoids 149 Heaters 155 Coolers 160 Fans 161 LEDs 163 Motors 7 173 Stepper Motors 173 DC Motors 192 Brushless DC Motors 196 Tradeoffs between Motors 210 Motor Torque 213 EMI 8 215 Ground Loops 215 ESD 220 High-Precision Applications 9 225 Input Offset Voltage 227 Input Resistance 228 Frequency Characteristics 229 Temperature Effects in Resistors 230 Voltage References 231 Temperature Effects in General 233 Noise and Grounding 234 Supply-Based References 239 Standard Interfaces 10 241 IEEE 1451.2 241 4Ò20ma Current Loop 0 Appendix A 245 Appendix B 257 Appendix C 267 Glossary 269 Index 273 Referex Provides hard-to-find information on interfacing analog devices and technologies to the purely digital world of embedded microprocessors. Gives the reader the insight and perspective of a real embedded systems design engineer, including tips that only a hands-on professional would know. Covers important considerations for both hardware and software systmes when linking analog and digital devices.-Embedded Technology...a comprehensive source on interfacing the real world to microprocessors should prove invaluable to embedded systems engineers, students, technicians, and hobbyists. Anyone involved in connecting the analog environment to their digital machines, or troubleshooting such connections will find this book especially useful. - Embedded TechnologyIn general, for all the sections, there are plenty of simple diagrams and also the maths is kept to a simple level....I like this book and recommend it as an introduction to the subject for home use, students and SW Engineers. - Chris Hills in the ACCU magazine CVu Most embedded microprocessor designs involve processing some kind of input to produce some kind of output, and one or both of these is usually analog.