An Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (3rd Ed.)

AN INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING introduces students to the ever-emerging field of mechanical engineering, giving an appreciation for how engineers design the hardware that builds and improves societies all around the world. Intended for students in their first or second year of a typical college or university program in mechanical engineering or a closely related field, the text balances the treatments of technical problem-solving skills, design, engineering analysis, and modern technology. Cover 1 Title Page 2 Copyright 4 Contents 7 Student's Preface 13 Instructor's Preface 15 About the Authors 23 CHAPTER 1 THE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROFESSION 25 1.1 Overview 25 The Elements of Mechanical Engineering 25 1.2 What Is Engineering? 28 1.3 Who Are Mechanical Engineers? 34 Mechanical Engineering's Top Ten Achievements 36 1.4 Career Paths 46 1.5 Typical Program of Study 48 Summary 52 Self-Study and Review 52 Problems 53 References 55 CHAPTER 2 MECHANICAL DESIGN 57 2.1 Overview 57 2.2 The Design Process 61 Requirements Development 65 Conceptual Design 66 Detailed Design 67 Production 71 2.3 Manufacturing Processes 74 2.4 Case Study in Conceptual Design: Mousetrap-Powered Vehicles 81 First Concept: String and Lever Arm 82 Second Concept: Compound Geartrain 83 Third Concept: Sector-Shaped Gear 85 2.5 Case Study in Urban Power Infrastructures 86 Requirements Development 86 Conceptual Design 87 Detailed Design 89 2.6 Case Study: Computer-Aided Design: Noninvasive Medical Imaging 90 Summary 94 Self-Study and Review 95 Problems 96 References 100 CHAPTER 3 TECHNICAL PROBLEM-SOLVING AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS 101 3.1 Overview 101 3.2 General Technical Problem-Solving Approach 106 3.3 Unit Systems and Conversions 108 Base and Derived Units 108 International System of Units 108 United States Customary System of Units 112 Converting Between the SI and USCS 115 3.4 Significant Digits 120 3.5 Dimensional Consistency 122 3.6 Estimation in Engineering 131 3.7 Communication Skills in Engineering 136 Written Communication 137 Graphical Communication 139 Technical Presentations 140 Summary 144 Self-Study and Review 144 Problems 145 References 152 CHAPTER 4 FORCES IN STRUCTURES AND MACHINES 153 4.1 Overview 153 4.2 Forces in Rectangular and Polar Forms 155 Rectangular Components 156 Polar Components 157 4.3 Resultant of Several Forces 158 Vector Algebra Method 159 Vector Polygon Method 160 4.4 Moment of a Force 164 Perpendicular Lever Arm Method 164 Moment Components Method 166 4.5 Equilibrium of Forces and Moments 172 Particles and Rigid Bodies 172 Free Body Diagrams 174 4.6 Design Application: Rolling-Element Bearings 182 Summary 190 Self-Study and Review 191 Problems 192 References 206 CHAPTER 5 MATERIALS AND STRESSES 207 5.1 Overview 207 5.2 Tension and Compression 209 5.3 Material Response 217 5.4 Shear 229 5.5 Engineering Materials 234 Metals and Their Alloys 235 Ceramics 236 Polymers 237 Composite Materials 238 5.6 Factor of Safety 242 Summary 246 Self-Study and Review 248 Problems 249 References 261 CHAPTER 6 FLUIDS ENGINEERING 262 6.1 Overview 262 6.2 Properties of Fluids 264 FOCUS ON: FLUIDS IN THE DESIGN OF MICRO AND MACRO SYSTEMS 269 6.3 Pressure and Buoyancy Force 272 6.4 Laminar and Turbulent Fluid Flows 279 FOCUS ON: DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS 282 6.5 Fluid Flow in Pipes 283 FOCUS ON: BLOOD FLOW IN THE BODY 287 6.6 Drag Force 290 6.7 Lift Force 299 FOCUS ON: AERODYNAMICS IN SPORTS 304 Summary 305 Self-Study and Review 306 Problems 307 References 314 CHAPTER 7 THERMAL AND ENERGY SYSTEMS 315 7.1 Overview 315 7.2 Mechanical Energy, Work, and Power 317 Gravitational Potential Energy 317 Elastic Potential Energy 318 Kinetic Energy 318 Work of a Force 319 Power 319 7.3 Heat as Energy in Transit 324 Heating Value 324 Specific Heat 326 Transfer of Heat 328 7.4 Energy Conservation and Conversion 337 7.5 Heat Engines and Efficiency 342 7.6 Case Study 1: Internal-Combustion Engines 347 Four-Stroke Engine Cycle 349 Two-Stroke Engine Cycle 352 7.7 Case Study 2: Electrical Power Generation 354 7.8 Case Study 3: Jet Engines 363 Summary 366 Self-Study and Review 367 Problems 368 References 374 CHAPTER 8 MOTION AND POWER TRANSMISSION 375 8.1 Overview 375 8.2 Rotational Motion 377 Angular Velocity 377 Rotational Work and Power 379 8.3 Design Application: Gears 383 Spur Gears 384 Rack and Pinion 388 Bevel Gears 388 Helical Gears 388 Worm Gearsets 391 8.4 Speed, Torque, and Power in Gearsets 393 Speed 394 Torque 395 Power 396 8.5 Simple and Compound Geartrains 397 Simple Geartrain 397 Compound Geartrain 398 8.6 Design Application: Belt and Chain Drives 404 8.7 Planetary Geartrains 410 Summary 418 Self-Study and Review 420 Problems 420 References 431 APPENDIX A GREEK ALPHABET 433 APPENDIX B TRIGONOMETRY REVIEW 434 B.1 Degrees and Radians 434 B.2 Right Triangles 434 B.3 Identities 435 B.4 Oblique Triangles 436 INDEX 437