Amos 17.0 user's guide

Amos 17.0 User's Guide......Page 1 Contents......Page 3 1 Introduction......Page 19 Featured Methods......Page 20 About the Examples......Page 21 Other Sources of Information......Page 22 Acknowledgements......Page 23 Introduction......Page 25 About the Data......Page 26 Launching Amos Graphics......Page 27 Creating a New Model......Page 28 Specifying the Model and Drawing Variables......Page 29 Naming the Variables......Page 30 Drawing Arrows......Page 31 Constraining a Parameter......Page 32 To Delete an Object......Page 33 Setting Up Optional Output......Page 34 To View Text Output......Page 36 To View Graphics Output......Page 37 Printing the Path Diagram......Page 38 Copying Text Output......Page 39 About the Data......Page 41 Bringing In the Data......Page 42 Specifying the Model......Page 43 Naming the Variables......Page 44 Establishing Covariances......Page 45 Viewing Graphics Output......Page 46 Viewing Text Output......Page 47 Calculating Standardized Estimates......Page 51 Viewing Correlation Estimates as Text Output......Page 52 Distribution Assumptions for Amos Models......Page 53 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 54 Modeling in C#......Page 57 Other Program Development Tools......Page 58 Parameters Constraints......Page 59 Constraining Variances......Page 60 Specifying Equal Parameters......Page 61 Constraining Covariances......Page 62 Moving and Formatting Objects......Page 63 Data Input......Page 64 Viewing Text Output......Page 65 Optional Output......Page 66 Covariance Matrix Estimates......Page 67 Labeling Output......Page 69 Hypothesis Testing......Page 70 Displaying Chi-Square Statistics on the Path Diagram......Page 71 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 73 Timing Is Everything......Page 75 Bringing In the Data......Page 77 Specifying the Model......Page 78 Viewing Text Output......Page 80 Viewing Graphics Output......Page 81 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 83 About the Data......Page 85 Analysis of the Data......Page 86 Specifying the Model......Page 87 Fixing Regression Weights......Page 88 Viewing the Text Output......Page 90 Viewing Graphics Output......Page 92 Viewing Additional Text Output......Page 93 Assumptions about Correlations among Exogenous Variables......Page 95 Equation Format for the AStructure Method......Page 96 About the Data......Page 99 Measurement Model......Page 101 Structural Model......Page 102 Specifying the Model......Page 103 Changing the Orientation of the Drawing Area......Page 104 Creating the Path Diagram......Page 105 Duplicating Measurement Models......Page 106 Results for Model A......Page 108 Model B......Page 111 Results for Model B......Page 112 Testing Model B against Model A......Page 114 Model A......Page 116 Model B......Page 117 About the Data......Page 119 Specifying the Model......Page 120 Results of the Analysis......Page 121 Dealing with Rejection......Page 122 Using Modification Indices......Page 123 Changing the Modification Index Threshold......Page 124 Model B for the Wheaton Data......Page 125 Text Output......Page 126 Graphics Output for Model B......Page 127 Calculating Critical Ratios......Page 128 Results for Model C......Page 132 Parameter Estimates for Model C......Page 133 Multiple Models in a Single Analysis......Page 134 Viewing Fit Statistics for All Four Models......Page 137 Obtaining Optional Output......Page 139 Obtaining Tables of Indirect, Direct, and Total Effects......Page 140 Model A......Page 141 Model B......Page 142 Model C......Page 143 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 144 About the Data......Page 147 Felson and Bohrnstedt’s Model......Page 148 Text Output......Page 149 Obtaining Squared Multiple Correlations......Page 151 Graphics Output......Page 152 Stability Index......Page 153 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 154 About the Data......Page 155 A Common Factor Model......Page 156 Identification......Page 157 Drawing the Model......Page 158 Results of the Analysis......Page 159 Obtaining Standardized Estimates......Page 160 Viewing Standardized Estimates......Page 161 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 162 Analysis of Covariance and Its Alternative......Page 163 About the Data......Page 164 Model A for the Olsson Data......Page 165 Identification......Page 166 Requesting Modification Indices......Page 167 Model B for the Olsson Data......Page 168 Results for Model B......Page 169 Model C for the Olsson Data......Page 171 Fitting All Models At Once......Page 172 Model B......Page 173 Model C......Page 174 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 175 Analysis of Several Groups......Page 177 Model A......Page 178 Specifying Model A......Page 179 Text Output......Page 184 Graphics Output......Page 185 Model B......Page 186 Text Output......Page 188 Model A......Page 189 Model B......Page 190 Multiple Model Input......Page 191 About the Data......Page 193 Specifying a Figure Caption......Page 194 Text Output for Model A......Page 197 Graphics Output for Model A......Page 199 Model B for Girls and Boys......Page 200 Text Output......Page 202 Graphics Output......Page 205 Model C for Girls and Boys......Page 206 Results for Model C......Page 209 Model A......Page 210 Model C......Page 211 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 212 About the Data......Page 213 Naming the Groups......Page 214 Specifying the Data......Page 215 Text Output......Page 216 Graphics Output......Page 217 Model B for the Holzinger and Swineford Boys and Girls......Page 218 Text Output......Page 220 Graphics Output......Page 221 Model A......Page 224 Model B......Page 225 Means and Intercept Modeling......Page 227 Mean Structure Modeling in Amos Graphics......Page 228 Text Output......Page 230 Model B for Young and Old Subjects......Page 232 Multiple Model Input......Page 234 Model A......Page 235 Model B......Page 236 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 237 Assumptions Made by Amos......Page 239 Specifying the Model......Page 240 Text Output......Page 241 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 243 Factor Means......Page 247 Specifying the Model......Page 248 Understanding the Cross-Group Constraints......Page 250 Graphics Output......Page 251 Model B for Boys and Girls......Page 253 Comparing Models A and B......Page 255 Model A......Page 256 Model B......Page 257 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 258 Assumptions......Page 259 About the Data......Page 260 Specifying the Model......Page 261 Text Output......Page 263 Model B......Page 265 Results for Model B......Page 267 Model C......Page 268 Results for Model C......Page 269 Model D......Page 270 Results for Model D......Page 271 Fitting Models A Through E in a Single Analysis......Page 273 Modeling in Amos Graphics......Page 274 Model Y......Page 275 Results for Model Y......Page 277 Model Z......Page 278 Results for Model Z......Page 279 Model A......Page 280 Model B......Page 281 Model C......Page 282 Model D......Page 283 Model E......Page 284 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 285 Models X, Y, and Z......Page 286 Incomplete Data......Page 287 About the Data......Page 288 Specifying the Model......Page 289 Saturated and Independence Models......Page 290 Text Output......Page 291 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 293 Fitting the Factor Model (Model A)......Page 294 Fitting the Saturated Model (Model B)......Page 295 Computing the Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square Statistic and P......Page 299 Performing All Steps with One Program......Page 300 Missing Data......Page 301 About the Data......Page 302 Model A......Page 303 Text Output......Page 305 Model B......Page 308 Output from Models A and B......Page 309 Model A......Page 310 Model B......Page 311 The Bootstrap Method......Page 313 A Factor Analysis Model......Page 314 Results of the Analysis......Page 315 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 319 Bootstrap Approach to Model Comparison......Page 321 Five Models......Page 322 Text Output......Page 326 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 328 Estimation Methods......Page 329 About the Model......Page 330 Text Output......Page 333 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 336 About the Model......Page 337 Specifying the Model......Page 338 Selecting Program Options......Page 340 Performing the Specification Search......Page 341 Viewing Generated Models......Page 342 Viewing Parameter Estimates for a Model......Page 343 Using BCC to Compare Models......Page 344 Viewing the Akaike Weights......Page 345 Using BIC to Compare Models......Page 346 Using Bayes Factors to Compare Models......Page 347 Rescaling the Bayes Factors......Page 349 Examining the Short List of Models......Page 350 Viewing a Scatterplot of Fit and Complexity......Page 351 Adjusting the Line Representing Constant Fit......Page 353 Viewing the Line Representing Constant C - df......Page 354 Adjusting the Line Representing Constant C - df......Page 355 Viewing the Best-Fit Graph for C......Page 356 Viewing the Best-Fit Graph for Other Fit Measures......Page 357 Viewing the Scree Plot for C......Page 358 Viewing the Scree Plot for Other Fit Measures......Page 360 Specification Search with Many Optional Arrows......Page 362 Setting Options to Their Defaults......Page 363 Performing the Specification Search......Page 364 Using BIC to Compare Models......Page 365 Limitations......Page 366 About the Model......Page 367 Opening the Specification Search Window......Page 368 Setting Options to Their Defaults......Page 369 Performing the Specification Search......Page 371 Using BCC to Compare Models......Page 372 Viewing the Short List of Models......Page 375 Heuristic Specification Search......Page 376 Performing a Stepwise Search......Page 377 Viewing the Scree Plot......Page 378 Limitations of Heuristic Specification Searches......Page 379 Model 24a: Modeling Without Means and Intercepts......Page 381 Opening the Multiple-Group Analysis Dialog Box......Page 382 Viewing the Parameter Subsets......Page 384 Viewing the Generated Models......Page 385 Fitting All the Models and Viewing the Output......Page 386 Customizing the Analysis......Page 387 Specifying the Model......Page 388 Removing Constraints......Page 389 Generating the Cross-Group Constraints......Page 390 Fitting the Models......Page 391 Viewing the Output......Page 392 About the Model......Page 395 Constraining the Latent Variable Means and Intercepts......Page 396 Generating Cross-Group Constraints......Page 397 Viewing the Text Output......Page 399 Examining the Modification Indices......Page 400 Modifying the Model and Repeating the Analysis......Page 401 Bayesian Estimation......Page 403 Selecting Priors......Page 405 Estimating the Covariance......Page 406 Results of Maximum Likelihood Analysis......Page 407 Bayesian Analysis......Page 408 Examining the Current Seed......Page 410 Changing the Current Seed......Page 411 Changing the Refresh Options......Page 413 Assessing Convergence......Page 414 Diagnostic Plots......Page 416 Bivariate Marginal Posterior Plots......Page 422 Changing the Confidence Level......Page 425 Learning More about Bayesian Estimation......Page 426 More about Bayesian Estimation......Page 427 About the Data......Page 428 Fitting a Model by Maximum Likelihood......Page 429 Changing the Number of Burn-In Observations......Page 430 The Wheaton Data Revisited......Page 441 Indirect Effects......Page 442 Estimating Indirect Effects......Page 443 Bayesian Analysis of Model C......Page 445 Additional Estimands......Page 446 Inferences about Indirect Effects......Page 449 The Stability of Alienation Model......Page 455 Numeric Custom Estimands......Page 461 Dragging and Dropping......Page 465 Defining a Dichotomous Estimand......Page 475 About the Example......Page 479 Performing Multiple Data Imputation Using Amos Graphics......Page 480 Analyzing the Imputed Data Files Using SPSS Statistics......Page 487 Step 2: Ten Separate Analyses......Page 488 Step 3: Combining Results of Multiply Imputed Data Files......Page 489 Further Reading......Page 491 About the Data......Page 493 Analyzing the Data......Page 495 Performing a Regression Analysis......Page 496 Posterior Predictive Distributions......Page 499 Imputation......Page 502 General Inequality Constraints on Data Values......Page 506 About the Data......Page 507 Specifying the Data File......Page 509 Recoding the Data within Amos......Page 510 Specifying the Model......Page 518 Fitting the Model......Page 519 MCMC Diagnostics......Page 522 Posterior Predictive Distributions......Page 524 Posterior Predictive Distributions for Latent Variables......Page 529 Imputation......Page 534 About the Data......Page 539 Performing the Analysis......Page 542 Specifying the Data File......Page 544 Specifying the Model......Page 548 Fitting the Model......Page 550 Classifying Individual Cases......Page 553 Latent Structure Analysis......Page 555 About the Data......Page 557 Performing the Analysis......Page 558 Specifying the Data File......Page 560 Specifying the Model......Page 563 Constraining the Parameters......Page 564 Fitting the Model......Page 566 Classifying Individual Cases......Page 569 Latent Structure Analysis......Page 571 Label Switching......Page 572 First Dataset......Page 575 Second Dataset......Page 577 The Group Variable in the Dataset......Page 578 Performing the Analysis......Page 579 Specifying the Data File......Page 581 Specifying the Model......Page 584 Fitting the Model......Page 585 Classifying Individual Cases......Page 590 Improving Parameter Estimates......Page 591 Prior Distribution of Group Proportions......Page 593 Label Switching......Page 594 A Notation......Page 595 B Discrepancy Functions......Page 597 C Measures of Fit......Page 601 DF......Page 602 P......Page 603 Rules of Thumb......Page 605 NCP......Page 606 RMSEA......Page 607 Rule of Thumb......Page 608 AIC......Page 609 BIC......Page 610 ECVI......Page 611 Comparisons to a Baseline Model......Page 612 NFI......Page 613 RFI......Page 614 TLI......Page 615 Parsimony Adjusted Measures......Page 616 GFI......Page 617 AGFI......Page 618 HOELTER......Page 619 RMR......Page 620 Selected List of Fit Measures......Page 621 D Numeric Diagnosis of Non-Identifiability......Page 623 E Using Fit Measures to Rank Models......Page 625 F Baseline Models for Descriptive Fit Measures......Page 629 Zero-Based Rescaling......Page 631 Akaike Weights and Bayes Factors (Sum = 1)......Page 632 Akaike Weights and Bayes Factors (Max = 1)......Page 633 Bibliography......Page 635 Index......Page 647