Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics

An advanced, practical approach to the first and second laws of thermodynamics Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics bridges the gap between engineering applications and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Going beyond the basic coverage offered by most textbooks, this authoritative treatment delves into the advanced topics of energy and work as they relate to various engineering fields. This practical approach describes real-world applications of thermodynamics concepts, including solar energy, refrigeration, air conditioning, thermofluid design, chemical design, constructal design, and more. This new fourth edition has been updated and expanded to include current developments in energy storage, distributed energy systems, entropy minimization, and industrial applications, linking new technologies in sustainability to fundamental thermodynamics concepts. Worked problems have been added to help students follow the thought processes behind various applications, and additional homework problems give them the opportunity to gauge their knowledge. The growing demand for sustainability and energy efficiency has shined a spotlight on the real-world applications of thermodynamics. This book helps future engineers make the fundamental connections, and develop a clear understanding of this complex subject. Delve deeper into the engineering applications of thermodynamics Work problems directly applicable to engineering fields Integrate thermodynamics concepts into sustainability design and policy Understand the thermodynamics of emerging energy technologies Condensed introductory chapters allow students to quickly review the fundamentals before diving right into practical applications. Designed expressly for engineering students, this book offers a clear, targeted treatment of thermodynamics topics with detailed discussion and authoritative guidance toward even the most complex concepts. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics is the definitive modern treatment of energy and work for today's newest engineers. Title Contents Preface to the First Edition† Preface to the Second Edition† Preface to the Third Edition Preface Acknowledgments 1. The First Law 1.1 TERMINOLOGY 1.2 CLOSED SYSTEMS 1.3 WORK TRANSFER 1.4 HEAT TRANSFER 1.5 ENERGY CHANGE 1.6 OPEN SYSTEMS 1.7 HISTORY REFERENCES PROBLEMS 2. The Second Law 2.1 CLOSED SYSTEMS 2.1.1 Cycle in Contact with One Temperature Reservoir 2.1.2 Cycle in Contact with Two Temperature Reservoirs 2.1.3 Cycle in Contact with Any Number of Temperature Reservoirs 2.1.4 Process in Contact with Any Number of Temperature Reservoirs 2.2 OPEN SYSTEMS 2.3 LOCAL EQUILIBRIUM 2.4 ENTROPY MAXIMUM AND ENERGY MINIMUM 2.5 CARATHÉODORY’S TWO AXIOMS 2.6 A HEAT TRANSFER MAN’S TWO AXIOMS 2.7 HISTORY REFERENCES PROBLEMS 3. Entropy Generation, or Exergy Destruction 3.1 LOST AVAILABLE WORK 3.2 CYCLES 3.2.1 Heat Engine Cycles 3.2.2 Refrigeration Cycles 3.2.3 Heat Pump Cycles 3.3 NONFLOW PROCESSES 3.4 STEADY-FLOW PROCESSES 3.5 MECHANISMS OF ENTROPY GENERATION 3.5.1 Heat Transfer across a Temperature Difference 3.5.2 Flow with Friction 3.5.3 Mixing 3.6 ENTROPY GENERATION MINIMIZATION 3.6.1 The Method 3.6.2 Tree-Shaped Fluid Flow 3.6.3 Entropy Generation Number REFERENCES PROBLEMS 4. Single-Phase Systems 4.1 SIMPLE SYSTEM 4.2 EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS 4.3 THE FUNDAMENTAL RELATION 4.3.1 Energy Representation 4.3.2 Entropy Representation 4.3.3 Extensive Properties versus Intensive Properties 4.3.4 The Euler Equation 4.3.5 The Gibbs–Duhem Relation 4.4 LEGENDRE TRANSFORMS 4.5 RELATIONS BETWEEN THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 4.5.1 Maxwell’s Relations 4.5.2 Relations Measured during Special Processes 4.5.3 Bridgman’s Table 4.5.4 Jacobians in Thermodynamics 4.6 PARTIAL MOLAL PROPERTIES 4.7 IDEAL GAS MIXTURES 4.8 REAL GAS MIXTURES REFERENCES PROBLEMS 5. Exergy Analysis 5.1 NONFLOW SYSTEMS 5.2 FLOW SYSTEMS 5.3 GENERALIZED EXERGY ANALYSIS 5.4 AIR CONDITIONING 5.4.1 Mixtures of Air and Water Vapor 5.4.2 Total Flow Exergy of Humid Air 5.4.3 Total Flow Exergy of Liquid Water 5.4.4 Evaporative Cooling REFERENCES PROBLEMS 6. Multiphase Systems 6.1 THE ENERGY MINIMUM PRINCIPLE 6.1.1 The Energy Minimum 6.1.2 The Enthalpy Minimum 6.1.3 The Helmholtz Free-Energy Minimum 6.1.4 The Gibbs Free-Energy Minimum 6.1.5 The Star Diagram 6.2 THE STABILITYOF A SIMPLE SYSTEM 6.2.1 Thermal Stability 6.2.2 Mechanical Stability 6.2.3 Chemical Stability 6.3 THE CONTINUITY OF THE VAPOR AND LIQUID STATES 6.3.1 The Andrews Diagram and J. Thomson’s Theory 6.3.2 The van der Waals Equation of State 6.3.3 Maxwell’s Equal-Area Rule 6.3.4 The Clapeyron Relation 6.4 PHASE DIAGRAMS 6.4.1 The Gibbs Phase Rule 6.4.2 Single-Component Substances 6.4.3 Two-Component Mixtures 6.5 CORRESPONDING STATES 6.5.1 Compressibility Factor 6.5.2 Analytical P(v, T) Equations of State 6.5.3 Calculation of Properties Based on P(v,T)and Specific Heat 6.5.4 Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States 6.5.5 Metastable States REFERENCES PROBLEMS 7. Chemically Reactive Systems 7.1 EQUILIBRIUM 7.1.1 Chemical Reactions 7.1.2 Affinity 7.1.3 Le Chatelier–Braun Principle 7.1.4 Ideal Gas Mixtures 7.2 IRREVERSIBLE REACTIONS 7.3 STEADY-FLOW COMBUSTION 7.3.1 Combustion Stoichiometry 7.3.2 The First Law 7.3.3 The Second Law 7.3.4 Maximum Power Output 7.4 THE CHEMICAL EXERGY OF FUELS 7.5 COMBUSTION AT CONSTANT VOLUME 7.5.1 The First Law 7.5.2 The Second Law 7.5.3 Maximum Work Output REFERENCES PROBLEMS 8. Power Generation 8.1 MAXIMUM POWER SUBJECT TO SIZE CONSTRAINT 8.2 MAXIMUM POWER FROM A HOT STREAM 8.3 EXTERNAL IRREVERSIBILITIES 8.4 INTERNAL IRREVERSIBILITIES 8.4.1 Heater 8.4.2 Expander 8.4.3 Cooler 8.4.4 Pump 8.4.5 Relative Importance of Internal Irreversibilities 8.5 ADVANCED STEAM TURBINE POWER PLANTS 8.5.1 Superheater, Reheater, and Partial Condenser Vacuum 8.5.2 Regenerative Feed Heating 8.5.3 Combined Feed Heating and Reheating 8.6 ADVANCED GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS 8.6.1 External and Internal Irreversibilities 8.6.2 Regenerative Heat Exchanger, Reheaters, and Intercoolers 8.6.3 Cooled Turbines 8.7 COMBINED STEAM TURBINE AND GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS REFERENCES PROBLEMS 9. Solar Power 9.1 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THERMAL RADIATION 9.1.1 Photons 9.1.2 Temperature 9.1.3 Energy 9.1.4 Pressure 9.1.5 Entropy 9.2 REVERSIBLE PROCESSES 9.2.1 Reversible and Adiabatic Expansion or Compression 9.2.2 Reversible and Isothermal Expansion or Compression 9.2.3 Carnot Cycle 9.3 IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES 9.3.1 Adiabatic Free Expansion 9.3.2 Transformation of Monochromatic Radiation into Blackbody Radiation 9.3.3 Scattering 9.3.4 Net Radiative Heat Transfer 9.3.5 Kirchhoff’s Law 9.4 THE IDEAL CONVERSION OF ENCLOSED BLACKBODY RADIATION 9.4.1 Petela’s Theory 9.4.2 Unifying Theory 9.5 MAXIMIZATION OF POWER OUTPUT PER UNIT COLLECTOR AREA 9.5.1 Ideal Concentrators 9.5.2 Omnicolor Series of Ideal Concentrators 9.5.3 Unconcentrated Solar Radiation 9.6 CONVECTIVELY COOLED COLLECTORS 9.6.1 Linear Convective Heat Loss Model 9.6.2 Effect of Collector–Engine Heat Exchanger Irreversibility 9.6.3 Combined Convective and Radiative Heat Loss 9.7 EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR POWER PLANT 9.8 CLIMATE 9.9 SELF-PUMPING AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION REFERENCES PROBLEMS 10. Refrigeration 10.1 JOULE–THOMSON EXPANSION 10.2 WORK-PRODUCING EXPANSION 10.3 BRAYTON CYCLE 10.4 INTERMEDIATECOOLING 10.4.1 Counterflow Heat Exchanger 10.4.2 Bioheat Transfer 10.4.3 Distributionof Expanders 10.4.4 Insulation 10.5 LIQUEFACTION 10.5.1 Liquefiers versus Refrigerators 10.5.2 Heylandt Nitrogen Liquefier 10.5.3 Efficiency of Liquefiers and Refrigerators 10.6 REFRIGERATOR MODELS WITH INTERNAL HEAT LEAK 10.6.1 Heat Leak in Parallel with Reversible Compartment 10.6.2 Time-Dependent Operation 10.7 MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION 10.7.1 Fundamental Relations 10.7.2 Adiabatic Demagnetization 10.7.3 Paramagnetic Thermometry 10.7.4 The Third Law of Thermodynamics REFERENCES PROBLEMS 11. Entropy Generation Minimization 11.1 COMPETING IRREVERSIBILITIES 11.1.1 Internal Flowand Heat Transfer 11.1.2 Heat Transfer Augmentation 11.1.3 External Flow and Heat Transfer 11.1.4 Convective Heat Transfer in General 11.2 BALANCED COUNTERFLOW HEAT EXCHANGERS 11.2.1 The Ideal Limit 11.2.2 Area Constraint 11.2.3 Volume Constraint 11.2.4 Combined Area and Volume Constraint 11.2.5 Negligible Pressure Drop Irreversibility 11.2.6 The Structure of Heat Exchanger Irreversibility 11.3 STORAGE SYSTEMS 11.3.1 Sensible-Heat Storage 11.3.2 Storage Time Interval 11.3.3 Heat Exchanger Size 11.3.4 Storage Followed by Removal of Exergy 11.3.5 Heating and Cooling Subject to Time Constraint 11.3.6 Latent-Heat Storage 11.4 POWER MAXIMIZATION OR ENTROPY GENERATION MINIMIZATION 11.4.1 Heat Transfer Irreversible Power Plant Models 11.4.2 Minimum Entropy Generation Rate 11.4.3 Fluid Flow Systems 11.4.4 Electrical Machines 11.5 FROM ENTROPY GENERATION MINIMIZATION TO CONSTRUCTAL LAW 11.5.1 The Generation-of-Configuration Phenomenon 11.5.2 Organ Size REFERENCES PROBLEMS 12. Irreversible Thermodynamics 12.1 CONJUGATE FLUXES AND FORCES 12.2 LINEARIZED RELATIONS 12.3 RECIPROCITY RELATIONS 12.4 THERMOELECTRIC PHENOMENA 12.4.1 Formulations 12.4.2 The Peltier Effect 12.4.3 The Seebeck Effect 12.4.4 The Thomson Effect 12.4.5 Power Generation 12.4.6 Refrigeration 12.5 HEAT CONDUCTION IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA 12.5.1 Formulation in Two Dimensions 12.5.2 Principal Directions and Conductivities 12.5.3 The Concentrated Heat Source Experiment 12.5.4 Three-Dimensional Conduction 12.6 MASS DIFFUSION 12.6.1 Nonisothermal Diffusion of a Single Component 12.6.2 Nonisothermal Binary Mixtures 12.6.3 Isothermal Diffusion REFERENCES PROBLEMS 13. The Constructal Law 13.1 EVOLUTION 13.2 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF THE CONSTRUCTAL LAW 13.2.1 Properties of Flow Systems with Configuration 13.2.2 Evolution by Increasing Global Performance 13.2.3 Evolution by Increasing Compactness 13.2.4 Evolution by Increasing Flow Territory 13.2.5 Freedom Is Good for Evolution and Survival (Persistence) 13.3 INANIMATE FLOW SYSTEMS 13.3.1 Duct Cross Sections 13.3.2 Open-Channel Cross Sections 13.3.3 Tree-Shaped Fluid Flow and River Basins 13.3.4 Turbulent Flow Structure 13.3.5 Coalescence of Flowing Solid Packets 13.3.6 Cracks, Splashes, and Splats 13.3.7 Dendritic Solidification 13.3.8 Global Circulation and Climate 13.4 ANIMATE FLOW SYSTEMS 13.4.1 Body Heat Loss 13.4.2 Branches, Diameters, and Lengths 13.4.3 Breathing and Heartbeating 13.4.4 Flying, Running, and Swimming 13.4.5 Life Span and Life Travel 13.4.6 Athletics Evolution 13.5 SIZE AND EFFICIENCY: ECONOMIES OF SCALE 13.6 GROWTH, SPREADING, AND COLLECTING 13.7 ASYMMETRY AND VASCULARIZATION 13.8 HUMAN PREFERENCES FOR SHAPES 13.9 THE ARROW OF TIME REFERENCES PROBLEMS Appendix CONSTANTS MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS VARIATIONAL CALCULUS PROPERTIES OF MODERATELY COMPRESSED LIQUID STATES PROPERTIES OF SLIGHTLY SUPERHEATED VAPOR STATES PROPERTIES OF COLD WATER NEAR THE DENSITY MAXIMUM REFERENCES Index Symbols Moving effortlerssly among analysis, essay and graphics, this streamlined edition of Adrian Bejan's powerful presentation is aimed at students in all areas of engineering, physics and life sciences. An advanced, practical approach to the first and second laws of thermodynamicsAdvanced Engineering Thermodynamics bridges the gap between engineering applications and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Going beyond the basic coverage offered by most textbooks, this authoritative treatment delves into the advanced topics of energy and work as they relate to various engineering fields. This practical approach describes real-world applications of thermodynamics concepts, including solar energy, refrigeration, air conditioning, thermofluid design, chemical design, constructal design, and more. This new fourth edition has been updated and expanded to include current developments in energy storage, distributed energy systems, entropy minimization, and industrial applications, linking new technologies in sustainability to fundamental thermodynamics concepts. Worked problems have been added to help students follow the thought processes behind various applications, and additional homework problems give them the opportunity to gauge their knowledge. The growing demand for sustainability and energy efficiency has shined a spotlight on the real-world applications of thermodynamics. This book helps future engineers make the fundamental connections, and develop a clear understanding of this complex subject. Delve deeper into the engineering applications of thermodynamics Work problems directly applicable to engineering fields Integrate thermodynamics concepts into sustainability design and policy Understand the thermodynamics of emerging energy technologiesCondensed introductory chapters allow students to quickly review the fundamentals before diving right into practical applications. Designed expressly for engineering students, this book offers a clear, targeted treatment of thermodynamics topics with detailed discussion and authoritative guidance toward even the most complex concepts. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics is the definitive modern treatment of energy and work for today's newest engineers « An advanced, practical approach to the first and second laws of thermodynamics Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics bridges the gap between engineering applications and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Going beyond the basic coverage offered by most textbooks, this authoritative treatment delves into the advanced topics of energy and work as they relate to various engineering fields. This practical approach describes real-world applications of thermodynamics concepts, including solar energy, refrigeration, air conditioning, thermofluid design, chemical design, constructal design, and more. This new fourth edition has been updated and expanded to include current developments in energy storage, distributed energy systems, entropy minimization, and industrial applications, linking new technologies in sustainability to fundamental thermodynamics concepts. Worked problems have been added to help students follow the thought processes behind various applications, and additional homework problems give them the opportunity to gauge their knowledge. The growing demand for sustainability and energy efficiency has shined a spotlight on the real-world applications of thermodynamics. This book helps future engineers make the fundamental connections, and develop a clear understanding of this complex subject. Delve deeper into the engineering applications of thermodynamics Work problems directly applicable to engineering fields Integrate thermodynamics concepts into sustainability design and policy Understand the thermodynamics of emerging energy technologies Condensed introductory chapters allow students to quickly review the fundamentals before diving right into practical applications Designed expressly for engineering students, this book offers a clear, targeted treatment of thermodynamics topics with detailed discussion and authoritative guidance toward even the most complex concepts. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics is the definitive modern treatment of energy and work for today's newest engineers. »-- Résumé de l'éditeur